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Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 > Lecture 5: Osseous Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Osseous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Osseous Tissue

A

Bone Tissue

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2
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A 
Support,
Storage of Minerals,
Storage of Lipids,
Blood Cell Production,
Protection,
Leverage
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3
Q

Support of the Skeletal System

A

Body weight,

Muscles

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4
Q

Storage of Minerals in Skeletal System

A

Calcium and Phosphate ions (also needed in blood),

Provide Strength

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5
Q

Storage of Lipids in Skeletal System

A 
Store Energy,
Yellow Marrow (fat tissue),
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6
Q

Blood Cell Production in Skeletal System

A

Red Marrow (replen the lost blood cells)

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7
Q

Protection in Skeletal System

A

Protects organs

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8
Q

Leverage in Skeletal System

A

Force of motion/allow for movement

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9
Q

How Are Bones Classified?

A

Shape,
Internal Tissue Organization,
Bone Markings

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10
Q

Long Bones

A

Upper/Lower Extremities,
Long and thin,
Arms, legs, hands, feet, fingers, toes

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11
Q

Flat Bones

A

Thin with parallel surface,

Skull, sternum, ribs, scapulae

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12
Q

Sutural Bones

A

Small and irregular,
Bones in a suture,
Between flat bones of the skull

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13
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Complex Shapes,
Spinal Vertebrae,
Pelvic Bone,

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14
Q

Short Bones

A

Small and thick,

Ankle and wrist

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15
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Small and flat,

Inside tendons near joins of knees, hands, and feet

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16
Q

Bone Depression/Groove

A

Fossa,

Sulcus

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17
Q

Bone Projection/Processes

A

Connections to other bones

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18
Q

Bone Projections Where Tendons and Ligaments Attach:

A 
Spine, 
Line,
Crest,
Tubercle,
Tuberosity,
Trochanter
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19
Q

Bone Projections Where Other Bone Articulations Occur:

A 
Head, 
Condyle, 
Trochlea, 
Facet, 
Articular Process
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20
Q

Openings in Bones

A

Where blood vessels and nerves pass through the bone,

Foramen, Canal, Meatus, Fissure

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21
Q

Diaphysis of Long Bone

A

Shaft of bone,
Heavy wall of compact bone,
Central space (medullary cavity),

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22
Q

Epiphysis of Long Bone

A

Wide part at each end of bone,
Articulation with other bones,
Mostly spongy bone,
Covered with compact bone

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23
Q

Metaphysis of Long Bone

A

Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

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24
Q

Epiphyseal Plates

A

Growth Plates,
Where active (growing) mitosis is occurring,
Typically in metaphysis (growth plates),
When plates close the person stops growing,
Able to determine age,
Close at different times depending on each bone

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25
Q

Structure of Flat Bone

A

2 Layers of compact bone covering spongy bone,

No marrow activity

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26
Q

Bone Matrix

A

Nonliving part of bone,

Made of Type 1 Collagen and Hydroxyapatite Crystals

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27
Q

How is Bone Matrix Made?

A

Collagen fibers provide a framework for a hydroxyapatite crystal to form on,
Tough but flexible

28
Q

4 Types of Cells in Bones

A

Osteocytes,
Osteoblasts,
Osteoprogenitor Cells,
Osteoclasts

29
Q

Osteocytes

A 
Maintain bone matrix,
Live in small pockets,
Between the layers of matrix,
Connect to adjacent cells by cytoplasmic extensions,
Have gap junctions
30
Q

Lacunae

A

Pockets where osteocytes live

31
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tunnels to connect to neighboring lacunae

32
Q

Gap Junctions of Lacunae

A

‘Holes’/Pores that canaliculi go out of lacunae from

33
Q

Osteoblasts

A 
Produce new bone,
Immature bone cell,
Secrete matrix compounds (osteogenesis),
Contains Osteoid,
Surrounded by bone and become osteocytes locked in the lacunae,
Type 1 Collagen and Hydroxyapatite
34
Q

Osteoid

A

Matrix produced by osteoblasts, but not yet calcified to form bone

35
Q

Osteoprogenitor Cells

A

Stem cells that divide to produce osteoblasts,
Located in the Endosteum and Periodsteum,
Assist in fracture repair

36
Q

Endosteum

A

Lining of the medullary cavity,
Layer of osteoprogenitor cells covering spongy bone,
Bottom/inside

37
Q

Periosteum

A

Outer layer of fibrous tissue, inner layer of osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts,
Separates bone from other tissues,
Continuous with tendons and ligaments,
More likely to fracture bone around attachment than rip the tendon,
Tendons weave through bone to hold muscle

38
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Break down bone,
Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes,
Most active in marrow,
Dissolve bone matrix,
Derived from stem cells that produce macrophages,
Used to get calcium from blood,
Always active along with osteoblasts

39
Q

Osteolysis

A

Breakdown of bone

40
Q

Compact Bone

A

Contains osteon, central canal and perforating canals

41
Q

Osteon

A

Basic unit of compact bone,
Cylinder of tissue and blood vessels,
Can travel the length of entire bone,
Only in compact bone

42
Q

Central Canal of Compact Bone

A

At center of each osteon,
Contain capillary and venule,
Provides nutrients to osteons

43
Q

Perforating Canals

A

Vascular canals,
Pass through bone perpendicularly to long axis of bone,
Horizontal to supply central canal with nutrients

44
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

Rings of osteon,

Contains concentric layers around central canal

45
Q

Circumferential/Outer Lamellae

A

Rings of bone tissue around outer surface of bone,
Allow for diameter growth in bone,
Around all osteons together (fill up empty space)

46
Q

Spongy Bone

A 
Contains trabeculae,
Does not have osteons,
Red bone marrow fills the space,
Lightens bones,
Provides strength
47
Q

Trabeculae

A

Rods of calcified collagen,

Spongelike appearance formed by rods and plates

48
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Occupies the medullary cavity in diaphysis of long bones or trabecular of spongy bone

49
Q

Red Marrow

A

Produces Blood Cells,

Found in vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, proximal heads of femur and humerus

50
Q

Yellow Marrow

A

Fat storage

51
Q

Ossification

A

Bone growth before birth,
Intramembranous,
Endochondral

52
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A

Within a membrane,
Bones grow in the dermis from the connective tissue,
Flat bones (skull, mandible, clavicle),
No cartilage template

53
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Cartilage template laid down,

Osteocytes and osteoblasts form and create bone on the template

54
Q

Primary Center of Endochondral Ossification

A

Blood vessels go into bone carrying osteoblasts with them to produce new bone,
Osteoclasts invade center to hollow out the middle of diaphysis

55
Q

Secondary Center of Endochondral Ossification

A

Blood vessels go into the epiphysis and osteoblasts start making the ends

56
Q

Interstitial Bone Growth

A

Length of bone

57
Q

Appositional Bone Growth

A

Width of bone

58
Q

Hormones that Control the Calcium Balance in Blood

A

Calcitriol,
Parathyroid glands,
Calcitonin

59
Q

Calcitriol

A

Tells cells how to behave,
Stimulates intestine to absorb calcium,
Promotes osteoclast activity,
Increase blood calcium levels to maintain homeostasis

60
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

Parathyroid glands,
Stimulates osteoclast activity,
Promotes calcium resorption in kidneys,
Promotes calcitriol synthesis in kidneys,
Inhibits bone deposition by osteoblasts,
Increase blood calcium levels to maintain homeostasis

61
Q

Calcitonin

A

Reduces osteoclast activity,
Increases number and activity of osteoblasts,
Most important in children and development,
Decrease blood calcium levels to maintain homeostasis

62
Q

4 Steps of Fracture Repair

A
  1. Formation of fracture hematoma (connection of blood)
  2. Cells of periosteum and endosteum divide rapidly and create an internal and external callus made of cartilage which is then replaced with bone
  3. Osteoblasts continue to replace cartilage and form complete bridge of bone from internal to external callus
  4. Remodeling by osteoclasts and osteoblasts takes up to a year (removing of the callus)
63
Q

Cranial Bones

A

Enclose the cranial cavity,

Contains the brain, fluids, blood vessels, nerves, and membranes

64
Q

Superficial Facial Bones

A

Muscle attachment

65
Q

Deep Facial Bones

A

Separate the oral and nasal cavities,

form the nasal septum

66
Q

Sinuses

A

Frontal,
Ethmoidal,
Sphenoidal,
Maxillary

67
Q

Ribs

A

Mobile,
Absorb shock,
Affect the width and depth of thoracic cage

Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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