Lecture 1: Homeostasis

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Form of the Body

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Function of the Body

Question 3

1600 B.C. Ancient Egypt

Answer 3

Some understanding of anatomy (from mummification process) but no understanding of physiology

Question 4

480-200 B.C. Ancient Greece

Answer 4

Connecting animal dissections to humans to find similarities

Question 5

Who did animal dissections and created the scientific method?

Answer 5

Alcmaeon
Hippocrates
Aristotle

Question 6

Herophilos

Answer 6

First Anatomist,

Did live human dissections

Question 7

158-200 AD Ancient Greece

Answer 7

Not much understanding of function at this time

Question 8

Galen

Answer 8

Chief physician to the Gladiators,
Observed internal human anatomy through wound inspections,
Dissection of apes and pigs (applied it to humans)
Work stood until 1500s

Question 9

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 9

1489
Italy
Drew pictures based on the cadavers, studied skeleton and movements

Question 10

Andreas Vesalius

Answer 10

1500s
Belgium to Italy
Dissected criminals after their hanging,
Drew more detailed pictures

Question 11

Mid 1500s-1700s

Answer 11

Explosion in anatomy and physiology studies,

Anatomical theaters became popular

Question 12

The Atomic Level

Answer 12

Bodies are mostly C, H, O, and N,

Comprised of 60 other elements,

Question 13

Nucleosynthesis

Answer 13

Elements formed inside stars/supernovae

Question 14

The Chemical Level

Answer 14

Atoms/molecules, 
Elements (C, N, O, H),
A.A.-Proteins,
Fats,
Carbs,
Not alive

Question 15

The Cellular Level

Answer 15

Smallest Unit of Life,

Avg cells in body: 75 trillion

Question 16

The Tissue Level

Answer 16

Groups of cells,

Skin, muscle, etc

Question 17

The Organ Level

Answer 17

Groups of tissues,

Liver, kidney, heart, etc.

Question 18

The Organ System Level

Answer 18

Groups of organs,

Digestive system, respiratory system, etc

Question 19

The Organism Level

Answer 19

Several organ systems,

Skeletal, nervous, etc

Question 20

Homeostasis

Answer 20

Constant internal environment,

Everything ‘stays the same’,

Question 21

Factors of homeostasis that respond to external/internal changes (homeostatic regulation)

Answer 21

Body temp, Fluid balance, pH, Electrolyte balance, Dissolved O2 levels, Blood pressure, etc

Question 22

Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 22

Fluctuation within a “range” of acceptable normal around a set point
Ex: variation in a person’s body temp

Question 23

Homeostatic Regulation

Answer 23

Occurs at both the cellular/tissue level and organism level,
Restores homeostasis,
Ex: sunburn is a cellular local change to heal burn

Question 24

Autoregulation

Answer 24

Intrinsic

Automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change

Question 25

Extrinsic Regulation

Answer 25

Responses controlled by nervous and endocrine systems

Question 26

Receptor

Answer 26

Tells the body you’re shifting away from homeostasis,

Receives the stimulus from PNS,

Question 27

Control Center

Answer 27

Processes the signal and sends instructions to the CNS (central nervous system; brain, spinal cord, etc),
Determines what action should be taken based on info from receptors

Question 28

Effector

Answer 28

Carries out instructions through nerves or hormones (muscle will expand or contract, gland tissues will secret or not)

Question 29

Human Thermoregulation

Answer 29

Blood temp sensing nerve cells relay info to the brain and effect skeletal muscles or sweat glands/smooth muscle to control body temp

Question 30

Vasodilation

Answer 30

More blood closer to skin

Question 31

Vasoconstriction

Answer 31

More blood stays closer to organs, signals to brain causes shivering

Question 32

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 32

More common,
Minimize the change away from normal,
Shuts down when the effectors start working and the stimulus to receptors decreases,
Ex: temp regulation

Question 33

Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 33

Uncommon,
Occur in dangerous/stressful situations,
Increase change away from normal,
Response becomes more and more intense until a negative feedback signal shuts it off,
Ex: uterine contractions in childbirth and blood clotting in wounds