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Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 > Lecture 3: Cytology and Hystology > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Cytology and Hystology Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotic

A

Lack membrane surrounding nucleus

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2
Q

Eukaryotic

A

Cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus,

Somatic & Sex cells

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3
Q

Somatic Cells

A

Normal human body cells,

46 in humans (chromosomes)

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4
Q

Sex Cells

A

Egg & Sperm,

23 in humans

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5
Q

Organelles

A

Little cellular organs in eukaryotic cell

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6
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Double layer of phospholipids embedded with proteins

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

High concentration of solute to low concentration of solute

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8
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water,

High water concentration to low water concentration

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9
Q

Protein Functions in Plasma Membrane

A 
Anchoring,
Recognition,
Enzymes, 
Receptors,
Carriers,
Channels,
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10
Q

Carbohydrate Functions in Plasma Membrane

A

Anchoring,
Protection,
Receptors,
Recognition

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11
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

No energy expended by cell,
Decreases the charge and concentration differences between cell exterior and interior,
Automatic reaction from molecular slam dancing

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12
Q

Active Transport

A

Transports molecules against electrochemical gradient,

Energy in form of ATP,

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13
Q

ATPase Pumps

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump,
Moves Na+ out of cell and K+ into cell,
Maintains homeostasis from ‘leaky’ cells

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14
Q

Vesicular Transport

A

Form of active transport (uses ATP) but not against a concentration gradient,
endocytosis,
exocytosis

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15
Q

Endocytosis

A

Process of cell engulfing a particle/substance,
Phagocytosis,
Pinocytosis

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16
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Engulfing a solid

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17
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Engulfing a liquid

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18
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process of a cell discharging a particle from the plasma membrane

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19
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA, info, etc,

Surrounded by double-membrane nuclear envelope

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Make Proteins,
Made of RNA and protein,
Large/small subunits,
Found in cytosol (intracellular fluid) and on rough ER

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21
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Folds and modifies proteins that were sent to it

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22
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packaging and shipping center,
Sends proteins where to go, packaged in vesicles,
Stack of pancakes

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23
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Fatty acid and phospholipid synthesis for membrane replacement,
Breakdown of hydrophobic toxins

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24
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse of cell,
ATP production is it’s core function,
High surface area allows more reactions

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25
Q

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

A

Garbage trucks of cells,
Storage and waste processing,
Contains enzymes that breakdown, recycle, clean up waste products of the cell

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26
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Gives the cell shape and aids cell movement and transport of materials within the cell,
Actin Filaments,
Intermediate Filaments,
Microtubules

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27
Q

Actin Filaments

A

Smallest,
Interact w/ myosin to cause cell movements (cell crawling, cytokinesis, cytoplasmic streaming),
Muscle contractions

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28
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Medium,
Defined by size instead of by composition,
Provide structural support for the cell

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29
Q

Microtubules

A

Largest,

Hollow tubes made of protein that transport vesicles

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30
Q

Centrosomes

A

Anchor the cytoskeleton,
1 at each ‘pole’ of the cell that contain 2 centrioles,
Help chromosomes split evenly

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31
Q

DNA

A

Forms a double helix,

Contains all genetic informations for making an organism

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32
Q

RNA

A

3 kinds,
rRNA,
mRNA,
tRNA

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33
Q

rRNA

A

Ribosomal RNA,

Forms part of ribosomes

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34
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA,

Carries message from DNA

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35
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA,

Brings correct amino acid to ribosomes

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36
Q

Transcription

A

Reading and copying DNA,

RNA polymerase is the enzyme used

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37
Q

Translation

A

Ribosomes use rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA to make the proteins from the DNA copy

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38
Q

Genotype

A

Pairing of alleles

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39
Q

Phenotype

A

Outward expression of a genotype

40
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Must be consumed

41
Q

Nonessential Amino Acids

A

Can be made in the body

42
Q

Codon

A

Groups of 3 bases within mRNA sequence that codes for specific amino acid

43
Q

Mitosis

A

Divides cell evenly in 2,

44
Q

Meiosis

A

2 Rounds of mitosis without replication,

Results in sex cells with half number of chromosomes

45
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

46
Q

Tissues

A

Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific functions

47
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A 
Forms surfaces and linings in/on body,
Protects, 
Controls permeability,
Provide sensation, 
Produce specialized secretions
Epithelia & Glandular
48
Q

Epithelia Cellularity

A

Connections

49
Q

Gap Junctions

A

In epithelia,

Allows transfer of ions

50
Q

Desmosomes

A

In epithelia,

Glue like connections

51
Q

Apical

A

In epithelia,

In contact with external

52
Q

Basal

A

In epithelia,

In contact with internal

53
Q

Epithelia Attachment

A

Basement membranes anchor tissue to other tissues

54
Q

Avascular

A

No blood

55
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacement of damaged cells/tissues,
Follows tissue injury,
Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers (scar tissue),
Some tissues heal better than others

56
Q

Squamous Epithelia

A

Thin,
Flat,
Scale Like

57
Q

Cuboidal Epithelia

A

Square

58
Q

Columnar Epithelia

A

Rectangle

59
Q

Simple Epithelia Layers

A

Single layer

60
Q

Stratified Epithelia Layers

A

Two or more layers

61
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Can stretch without damage

62
Q

Exocrine Glands

A

Release products/secretions through a duct onto an internal or external surface

63
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Release products/hormones directly into blood/tissue fluids

64
Q

Merocrine

A

Product released via exocytosis

65
Q

Apocrine

A

Product released when apical surface ruptures when full

66
Q

Holocrine

A

Product released when cell is full and entire cell ruptures

67
Q

Connective Tissue Proper

A

Consists of several cell types within a matrix of fibers and ground substance

68
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Make tissue

69
Q

Fibrocytes

A

Maintain tissue

70
Q

Macrophages

A

WBC,

Phagocyte

71
Q

Fat Cells

A

Store energy

72
Q

Mast Cells

A

WBC,

Immune/inflammatory responses, releases histamine

73
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Most common

74
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

Return to original shape after stretching

75
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Create organ framework

76
Q

Ground Substances

A

Thick fluid that surrounds cells and fibers in Connective Tissue Proper,
Slows movement of pathogens

77
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

Deep,
Separates skin from underlying muscles,
Includes adipose tissue (fat tissue)

78
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A

Collagen fibers are parallel to one another,
Go in one direction,
Tendons and ligaments,
Muscle to bone

79
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A

Collagen fibers are not parallel,
Form a mesh,
Skin/joint capsules,
Multiple directions

80
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue

A

Blood & Lymph

81
Q

Lymph

A

Liquid portion of blood that leaves capillaries and is brought back to the blood stream eventually

82
Q

Supporting Connective Tissue

A

Cartilage and Bone

83
Q

Cartilage

A

Contains living cells called chondrocytes that maintain the cartilage

84
Q

Hyaline Cartilage

A

Most common,
Nasal,
Joints,
Rib

85
Q

Elastic Cartilage

A

Contains many elastic fibers,
Stretches,
Outer ear,
Epiglottis,

86
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Very tough,
Very little movement,
Intervertebral discs,
Pubic Symphysis

87
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Capable of contraction/allows for movement,
Skeletal (move joints, skin moving on face),
Cardiac (heart, involuntary),
Smooth (involuntary)

88
Q

Neural Tissue

A

Conducts electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

89
Q

Membranes

A

Layers of a epithelial and connective tissue combination

90
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Secretes mucous,

Lines cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body (digestive, respiratory)

91
Q

Serous Membrane

A 
Line internal subdivisions of ventral body cavities,
Pleura (lungs),
Peritoneum (abdomen),
Pericardium (heart),
Parietal and visceral layers
92
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin

93
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Decreases friction,

Surrounds synovial joints and secretes synovial fluid

94
Q

Inflammation

A

Tissue response to injury and infection,
Mast cells release histamine and heparin,
Local blood vessels dilate,
Local pain sensing nerve endings fire,

95
Q

Signs of Inflammation (5)

A 
Heat,
Redness,
Swelling (leaking fluid),
Pain,
Loss of function

Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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