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Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 > Lecture 4: Integument > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Integument

A

Skin,

Largest organ system in the body

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2
Q

Functions of Skin (6)

A

Protects underlying tissues and organs,
Excretes salts, water, and organic wastes,
Maintains body temp,
Synthesizes vitamin D3,
Stores lipids,
Detects touch, pressure, pain, and temp through neurons

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3
Q

Two Major Components of Integument

A

Cutaneous Membrane & Accessory Glands

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4
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Divided into three layers,
Epidermis,
Dermis,
Hypodermis

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5
Q

Epidermis

A

Most superficial layer,
All squamous cells at different maturation,
Has 5 layers,
Provides some waterproofing and prevents dehydration

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6
Q

Thin Skin

A

Covers most of the body,

Has only 4 layers

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7
Q

Thick Skin

A

Covers the palms of hands and soles of feet,
Has 5 layers of keratinocytes,
Thicker stratum corneum,
Thickness of epidermis is increased, not deeper layers

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8
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Produce keratin

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9
Q

Avascular

A

Oxygen and nutrients diffuse from capillaries in the dermis through intercellular fluid

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10
Q

Keratinization

A

The formation of a layer of dead, protective cells a filled with keratin,
Occurs on all exposed skin surfaces

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11
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A

Deepest layer of skin,
The germinative layer,
Has many stem cells to replace dead and lost cells from layers above,
Attached to basal lamina (basement membrane) as an anchor

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12
Q

Basal Lamina

A

A collection of glycoproteins and protein filaments,
Connects epithelial tissue to underlying tissue,
Secreted by epithelial cells,
Superficial (clear) layer touches stratum germinativum,
Deep layer is thicker and more coarse protein filaments

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13
Q

Cellular Connections

A

Connection of epithelial cells to one another,

Occurs at desmosomes

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14
Q

Epidermal Ridges

A

Projects down into the dermis from the stratum germinativum

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15
Q

Dermal Papillae

A

Projects up into the epidermis

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16
Q

Fingerprints

A

Made by epidermal ridges and dermal papillae,
Small ridges in skin,
Determined genetically,
Provides better grip with more surface area

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17
Q

Specialized cells of stratum germinativum

A

Merkel cells and Melanocytes

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18
Q

Merkel Cells of Epidermis

A

Found in hairless skin (palms, soles, forehead),

Respond to touch and release chemicals that stimulate sensory nerves

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19
Q

Melanocytes of Epidermis

A

Contain the pigment melanin that gives skin color,
Scattered throughout stratum germinative,
Also determined by genetics,
Darker skin is more active melanocytes

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20
Q

_________ break down melanocytes, which fades a tan

A

Lysosomes

21
Q

Stratum Spinsosum

A

Produced by division of stratum germinativum,
8-10 layers of keratinocytes,
Dividing increases the thickness of epithelium,
Contains dendritic cells that are active in immune responses

22
Q

Dendritic Cells

A

Take up proteins from bacteria/cancer and ‘deliver’ to WBC to build an immune response

23
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

The ‘grainy’ layer,
3-5 cells thick,
Cells produce protein fibers and flatten,
Dehydrate and die towards the top of the layers,
Plasma membranes become less permeable,
Create tightly interlocked latter of keratin surrounded by keratohyalin

24
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A 
The 'clear' layer,
Found only in thick skin,
Covers stratum granulosum,
Cells flattened, 
No organelles, 
Dead,
Filled w/ keratin
25
Q

Stratum Corneum

A 
The 'horn' layer,
Exposed surface of skin,
15-30 layers of keratinized cells,
Most superficial,
Shed and replaced every 2 weeks,
Water resistant
26
Q

Carotene

A

Pigment found in orange and yellow vegetables,
Can be altered to make Vitamin A,
Accumulates in epidermal cells,
May cause yellowing of skin

27
Q

Vitamin D Production

A

Cells of Stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum produce vitamin d3 in response to uvb radiation,
Vitamin d3 is modified by the liver and kidneys to produce calcitriol

28
Q

Sun Exposure

A 
Damagers collagen and elastic fibers in dermis,
Damages DNA (sunburn, skin cancer)
29
Q

Dermis

A

Located between epidermis and subcutaneous layer,
Anchors epidermal accessory structures,
Papillary layer,
Reticular layer

30
Q

Papillary Layer of Dermis

A

Consists of loose connective tissue (open framework for movement and shock absorption),
Contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons,
Has dermal papillae projecting between epidermal ridges

31
Q

Reticular Layer of Dermis

A

Consists of dense irregular connective tissue,
Contains larger blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerve fibers,
Contains collagen and elastic fibers

32
Q

Blood Supply in Dermis

A

Branches of arteries form cutaneous plexus in reticular layer,
Branches of cutaneous plexus form papillary plexus in papillary layer

33
Q

Contusion in Dermis

A

Occurs when one or some of these blood vessels rupture

34
Q

Hypodermis

A 
Subcutaneous Layer
Layer in skin for energy storage,
Deep to dermis,
Stabilizes Skin,
Made of Loose Connective Tissue and Adipose Tissue,
Very Stretchy
35
Q

Subcutaneous Fat

A 
Insulates,
Shock Absorption (movement and cushion),
Energy Storage,
White Fat (adipose cells),
Brown Fat (Packed with mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP),
36
Q

Accessory Organs

A

Hair,
Sweat Glands,
Oil Glands,
Nails

37
Q

Hair

A

Dead cells filled with keratin,
Root and shaft,
3 layers

38
Q

3 Layers of Hair

A

Cuticle (outside, hard keratin),
Cortex (middle),
Medula (center ‘tunnel’ that gives hair flexibility, soft keratin)

39
Q

Hair Follicles

A

Arrector Pili m. (goose bumps),
Sebaceous Gland (oil gland),
Color (melanin, melanocytes, light hair lacks melanin),
Shape (oval=curly, circle=straight)

40
Q

Hair Growth Cycle

A

Each hair grows for 2.5 years before becoming inactive,
When inactive the hair falls out,
Inactivity usually lasts around a year before becoming active again

41
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A 
Oil glands,
Secrete oil into hair follicles,
Provides waterproofing,
Decreases bacterial infection risk in hair follicle,
Holocrine Secretion,
42
Q

Sebaceous Follicles

A

Glands not associated with hair,

Located in face, back, chest, genitalia

43
Q

Sudoriferous Glands

A

Sweat Glands,
Apocrine and Merocrine,
Both use merocrine secretions,

44
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A

Discharge sweat into hair follicles of axilla, nipples, groin,
Begins at puberty,
Strong odor,
Smell created by bacterial secretions after ‘eating’ the sweat

45
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands

A 
Most common,
Located everywhere that apocrine is not,
Discharge onto skin,
Cooling to skin,
Protection from hazards like bacteria,
H20 and NaCl
46
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A

Modified sweat glands in external ear,

These secretions combine with sebaceous glands to form cerumen (earwax)

47
Q

Cerumen

A

Earwax,

Protects ear canal from foreign objects, insects, and bacteria

48
Q

Nails

A

Tightly packed keratin squamous cells,
Dead cells,
Root (fold of epidermal tissue, mitosis occurs, pushes nail to outside of body),
Cuticle,
Color (Lunula=white 1/2 moon, pink=blood capillaries)

Anatomy and Physiology: Exam 1 (5 decks)

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