Lecture 5 - Macromolecules/Biomolecules Flashcards
what are the 4 types of macromolecules/biomolecules?
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Protein
- Nucleic acid
when are atoms stable?
when they have 8 valence electrons on their outer shell
how do you find the # of protons and electrons?
The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number. The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons.
how do you find the # of neutrons?
number of neutrons = mass number - atomic number.
in sodium (Na), how many protons, neutrons, and electrons are there? Which type of bond does sodium usually form?
How many protons does it have? 11
How many neutrons does it have? 12
How many electrons does it have? Is the outer shell filled or not? 11. No.
Ionic bond because sodium only has 1 electron in its outer shell, so it is easier for it to lose the electron and form an ionic bond with a different atom.
Which type of bond
is seen within a single molecule of water? Which type of bond is seen between
two neighboring water molecules, and how is this bond represented in
drawings?
H2O
Covalent bonds are seen within a single molecule of water and hydrogen bonds are between two neighboring water molecules.
Each water molecule has 2 covalent bonds between oxygen and hydrogen.
Between two water molecules, there is H-bond between slightly positive H and slightly negative O
difference between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
In a covalent bond, two atoms share one or more electrons. Water is a polar molecule. A hydrogen bond is a relatively weak bond between two oppositely partially charged sides of two or more molecules. In an ionic bond, an atom gives away one or more electrons to another atom.
difference between polar and nonpolar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonds result when electrons are unequally shared between atoms, while nonpolar covalent bonds result when electrons are more equally shared between atoms. The unequal sharing of electrons is due to the differences in the electronegativities of the two atoms sharing the electrons.
what are the unique characteristics of water in chemistry?
Water is made up of two hydrogen (H) atoms and an oxygen (O) atom. It is unique in that it is bipolar, where the molecule has a slightly positive charge on one side (where hydrogen atoms are attached), and slightly negative on the other (just oxygen)
are macromolecules organic? what is an organic compound? what is an example?
yes, macromolecules are organic; organic molecules are carbon-containing molecules. an example is CH4 (methane)
Why is life/biomolecules C-based?
-Carbon has 6 electrons (2,4). To fill its valence shell, it has to form 4 covalent bonds. So it can form bonds with many atoms, giving rise to making different molecules.
-Carbon can combine with diverse atoms using single or double covalent bonds to form a variety of molecules; it is versatile.
what is the atomic # of carbon? why?
it is 6 because that is the number of electrons
macromolecules are polymers made of what?
made of monomers
how are monomers connected to make polymers?
by bonds in a specific manner;
by dehydration synthesis where water is removed to combine and form polymers.
what are examples of polymer and monomer?
starch is a polymer made of the monomer glucose
how do polymers break down to form monomers?
through hydrolysis reaction where water is added
what are functional groups?
groups of bonded atoms with specific chemical properties (atoms bonded together in a specific way)
what are examples of functional groups?
-OH in carbs, -NH2 in proteins, -COOH in proteins and lipids, -SH in some proteins, -PO43 in DNA and RNA.
(Hydroxyl, Carboxyl, Amino, Sulfhydryl, Phosphate)
carbohydrates:
what elements do carbohydrates contain?
C, H, and O (CH2O) example Glucose (C6H12O6)
carbohydrates:
what are the functions?
-it is how cells get energy (primary source of energy)
-building blocks; ex DNA
-provides structural support; ex cellulose
carbohydrates:
what are the monomers and polymers? are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
-Hydrophilic
-Monomers: monosaccharides
-Polymers: polysaccharides
carbohydrates:
what are monosaccharides?
they are the “one sugar”. They are the simplest carbs (3-6 C atoms)
carbohydrates:
what are the 2 examples of monosaccharides? how are they drawn?
-Glucose (energy drinks, honey)
-Fructose (fruits, honey)
Drawn in linear or ring form
carbohydrates:
how are disaccharides formed? what are the 3 types?
Formed by dehydration reaction between 2 monosaccharides.
-Lactose (milk): Glucose + Galactose
-Sucrose (sugar): Glucose + Fructrose
-Maltose: Glucose + Glucose
carbohydrates:
how are polysaccharides formed? what type of carbs are they?
They are complex carbs.
Formed by dehydration reaction between more than 2 monosaccharides.
carbohydrates:
what are examples of polysaccharides?
-Starch: energy storage molecule in plants.
-Glycogen: energy storage molecule in animals with excess glucose
-Cellulose: gives structure to plants; most abundant organic molecule on earth
-Agar: extracted from red algae
carbohydrates:
what do polysaccharides provide?
-Energy source
-Structural support
which of the following is NOT a polymer?
1. Starch
2. Fructose
3. Cellulose
4. Glycogen
5. PG
Fructose
Lipids:
what elements do lipids contain?
C, H and O
Lipids:
what are the functions of Lipids?
-Source of energy
-Provides insulation
-Acts as hormones
-Form membranes (important function)
Lipids:
are they hydrophobic or hydrophilic? what does this mean?
hydrophobic, it is uncharged
Lipids:
are they polymers?
No
Lipids:
What are the three types of lipids?
Triglycerides (fats/oils)
Diglycerides (phospholipids)
Sterols
Lipids:
what is the structure of a triglyceride?
3 fatty acids chains (long hydrocarbon chains made of C and H atoms - tail) and
1 glycerol (3 carbon molecule - head)
Lipids:
what are the function of triglycerides?
-Energy source
-Provide insulation as body fat
Lipids:
how do triglycerides have more energy than carbohydrates?
Fats have 9 calories/g vs carbohydrates have 4 cal/g
Lipids:
what are the two types of triglycerides?
-Saturated
-Unsaturated
Lipids:
what are saturated triglycerides? do the fatty acids contain carbon double bonds? are they solid or liquid at room temp?
-They contain fatty acids with no carbon double bonds.
-The fatty acids are straight and packed tight, so they are solid at room temp
Lipids:
what are unsaturated triglycerides? do the fatty acids contain carbon double bonds? are they solid or liquid at room temp?
-They contain fatty acids with carbon double bonds
-The fatty acids are bent, packed loosely, and liquid at room temp
Lipids:
what is the structure of diglycerides/phospholipids? (hydrophobic/hydrophilic heads/tails)
-1 glycerol and 1 phosphate group (hydrophilic head)
-2 FA tails (hydroponic tails)
Lipids:
are diglycerides amphipathic? what does that mean?
yes, that means when a molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
(this is bc the head faces the water and tails tuck away from the water)
Lipids:
what is the function of diglycerides/phospholipids?
it is an important part of the plasma membrane, it is the layer that surrounds the cells
Lipids:
what is the structure of sterols? does it contain what type of carbon ring? is there functional groups on the rings?
4 carbon-containing rings with diverse functional groups on the rings
Lipids:
what are the functions of sterols?
-To stabilize the plasma membrane
-Act as hormones; ex estrogen and testosterone
Lipids:
are sterols found in bacteria?
yes! in mycoplamsa
all lipids are:
1. Triglycerides
2. Not soluble in water
3. Hydrophilic
4. Polar
5. Polymers of fatty acids
- Not soluble in water
proteins:
what elements do proteins contain?
C, H, O, and N
proteins:
what are the functions?
performs most cellular functions
proteins:
what are the polymers and monomers of proteins?
monomers: amino acids
polymers: polypeptides (they are linear but when it is 3D it is considered a protein)
proteins:
what are the monomers of the proteins? where is the central C atom bonded to?
amino acids
The central C atom is bonded to:
-H
-COOH (carboxyl group)
-NH2 (amino group)
-Side chain
proteins:
within amino acids, how many side chains are there? are they hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
there are 20 side chains, meaning 20 possible amino acids. some are hydrophobic and some are hydrophilic.
how do different R-groups (side chains) change the characteristics of a protein?
1. It makes them more hydrophobic
2. It makes them more hydrophilic
3. It gives them a charge.
4. Any of the above
- Any of the above.
proteins:
amino acids are combined through what to form polypeptides?
they are combined using dehydration reaction to form a peptide bond
proteins:
how many amino acids does a polypeptide contain?
it contains more than 3 amino acids; usually 100-1000 (aka yarn)
proteins:
when is it considered a protein?
when the polypeptide folds in a specific 3D shape (aka the sweater)
proteins:
what are the 4 levels of protein organization?
- Primary structure: simple sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- Secondary structure: Hydrogen bonds between amino acids causes the polypeptide to twist and fold into patterns like alpha helix or beta pleated sheets.
- Teriary structure: further bonding between amino acids and water gives the polypeptide a 3D shape.
- Quaternary structure: multiple proteins attaching together
proteins:
T/F: structure is CRITICAL for function
True
proteins:
what happens during denaturation?
when there is a disruption of protein structure and function due to changes outside of the optimal pH, temperature, etc.
proteins:
what is an example of denaturation?
Hair is made of the protein keratin and has disulfide bonds that create kinks and curls. Heat and chemical treatment break these bonds making the hair straight.
One potential consequence of protein denaturation is that the:
1. Protein becomes more tightly folded
2. Protein adds another polypeptide to its folded shape.
3. Protein loses its functionality.
4. Protein performs more efficiently than before.
5. Protiens primary structure changes.
- Protein loses its functionality.
Nucleic acids:
what elements do Nucleic acids contain?
C, H, O, N and P
Nucleic acids:
what is the function?
-To store information
Nucleic acids:
do they contain genes? what are they?
Yes, they are a stretch of DNA encoding a specific protein, which is the central dogma of life. DNA to RNA to protein
Nucleic acids:
what are the monomers and polymers?
monomers: nucleotides
polymers: polynucleotides
Nucleic acids:
what are the 3 components of nucleotides?
- Sugar (5 carbon) with deoxyribose in DNA and ribose in RNA
- Phosphate
- Nitrogen containing base (can be 1 ringed with pyrimidine C and T or 2 ringed with purine A and G)
Nucleic acids:
how are polynucleotides formed? what type of backbone does it have with what sticking out? how are the sequences of bases?
-A sugar group of one of the nucleotides bind to a phosphate of another by dehydration reaction, and this forms a polynucleotide. This has a sugar-phosphate backbone with N-bases sticking out. The sequences of bases are unique in every gene.
Nucleic acids:
what is DNA? Is it single or double-stranded? What does it consist of?
It is double stranded; deoxyribonucleic acid.
-It has 2 polynucleotide strands spiraled around each other.
-Vertical lines: 2 sugar-phosphate backbones
-Horizontal lines: 2 bases H-bonded to each other
Nucleic acids:
What are the base pairing rules of DNA?
A=T
G=C
Nucleic acids:
what is RNA? Is it single or double-stranded? What does it consist of? Is it permanent or no?
Single stranded; ribonucleic acid.
-Sugar is the ribose.
-N base is U (Uracil) instead of T
-DNA is permanent, whereas RNA is transient
A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a molecule of sugar, and a _____, all linked together by covalent bonds?
Nitrogen-containing base
what type of bonds holds a double helix together?
Hydrogen bonds between the nucleotides
Summary of all: From macromolecule, to monomers, to polymers
- Carbohydrates: monosaccharides & polysaccharides.
- Lipids: Glycerol, fatty acids, carbon rings & Triglycerides, diglycerides, and sterols.
- Proteins: amino acids & polypeptides.
- Nucleic acids: nucleotides & polynucleotides
What are the types of bonds holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms together within the molecule, H2O?
Polar covalent bonds
The subunits of phospholipids are:
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group
The primary function of carbohydrates is:
Energy source
Which biological molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids that folds into its final active configuration?
Proteins
Which of the following is found in RNA but not in DNA?
Ribose sugar and Uracil base
Pick the wrong pair.
1. Proteins - Enzymes
2. Lipids - Steroids
3. Nucleic acid - ATP
4. Monosaccharide - Glucose
5. DNA - double-stranded helix
- Nucleic acid - ATP
Alice is curious as to why fevers over 104 F are so dangerous. You tell her that:
Proteins can denature in high temperatures
Saturated fatty acids have __________ than unsaturated fatty acids, which is why they exist as a __________ at room temperature.
fewer double bonds; solid
Jordy has just discovered a brand new element! Jordy knows that it has 120 protons, and an atomic mass of 245 Da. Given this information, Jordy could figure out that the new element has ____ neutrons and _____ electrons.
125 and 120
Carbon is most likely to:
share 4 electrons
Write 1 similarity and 2 differences between DNA and RNA.
Similarity: Both have 3 nitrogenous bases.
Differences: DNA has Thymine, while RNA has Uracil. Also, sugar is different
DNA has double-stranded polynucleotide strands spiraled around each other, while RNA has a single-stranded polynucleotide strand
