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Microbiology > Lab 12 - Eukaryotic Pathogens > Flashcards

Lab 12 - Eukaryotic Pathogens Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the two types of Fungi, and what type of cells are there?

A

Yeasts - unicellular
Molds - multicellular

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2
Q

What are the qualities/characteristics of yeasts?

A
  1. Unicellular, non-motile, cell wall made of peptidoglycan chitin
  2. Chemoorganoheterotrophs
    -(decomposition of organic matter and can cause food spoilage).
  3. Facultative anaerobes (prefer o2, fermentation of bread, beer, wine)
    -Example - Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  4. Easy, cheap, and fast to grow.
    -Biotechnology - model eukaryote, production of vaccines.
  5. Most are free-living, some are pathogenic.
    (example: Mycoses - superficial, local, or systemic only causing disease in immunocompromised people). Myco = fungi
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3
Q

how do yeast reproduce?

A
  1. Asexual: budding (cell produces a bud and divides its DNA and splits).
  2. Sexual: Ascospores
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4
Q

what is the example used for yeasts?

A

Candida albicans - which is a yeast that causes the disease candidiasis

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5
Q

where is candida found?

A

It is part of the normal microbiota in the skin, mouth, throat, gut, vagina.

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6
Q

what does candida cause?

A

causes infection in people who are immunocompromised or have had a course of antibiotics

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7
Q

what is the disease that candida causes and where can it be located?

A

Causes candidiasis.
-Thrush: mouth, throat.
-Esophagus.
-Vaginal.

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8
Q

is candidiasis invasive?

A

yes, it can spread to the blood, heart, brain, etc. and is a common HAI

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9
Q

is candidiasis a common HAI?

A

yes

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10
Q

what is the mode of transportation for candida?

A

inhaling spores or an imbalance of microbiota due to antibiotics

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11
Q

what is the prevention for candida?

A

wear absorptive cotton underwear and take probiotics after antibiotics

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12
Q

what is the treatment for candidiasis?

A

antifungal

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13
Q

what are the characteristics of molds?

A
  • Multicellular
  • Non-motile
  • Chitin CW
  • Chemoorganohetertrophs
  • Aerobic
  • Most are free-living
  • Some are pathogenic
  • Reproduce asexually and sexually
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14
Q

what does it mean when molds are chemoorganoheterotrophs?

A

-They secrete enzymes to digest food externally. (they spit out enzymes and absorb monomers/nutrients)
- Decomposition of organic molecules
- Causes food spoilage

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15
Q

some molds are pathogenic, what can they cause?

A

Molds can cause mycoses that is superficial, local, or systemic (mostly in immunocompromised).

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16
Q

how are molds classified?

A

Based on their reproduction. Either sexual or asexual.
Asexual:
- Fungi make spores
- The spores fly away and land on surfaces.
- The spore germinates and creates hypha.
- You get mycelium (a network of hyphae or a “fuzzy” mat).
- A spore-producing-body AKA a fruiting body is made and produces more spores.

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17
Q

how is fungi grown?

A

A medium called Sabourad agar is used to grow fungi. It is selective for fungi because it is high in sugar and low in pH (which bacteria don’t like).

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18
Q

Rhizopus stolonifer:
Chart

A

Causes bread mold.
Produce toxins (some): aflatoxins causing liver damage.
Mycoses:
Superficial - ringworm, nailbed funges, athlete’s food (all mostly immunocompromised).
Systemic- aspergillosis, valley fever (can go everywhere in the body)

19
Q

Aspergillus:
chart

A

Causes: aspergillosis
Pathogenesis:
- Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA): inflammation in lungs and allergy symptoms.
- Aspergilloma (fungus ball): in lungs or sinuses.
- Chronic pulmonary aspergillosis: causes cavities in the lungs.
- Invasive aspergillosis: serious lung infection, that can spread to other parts of the body.
Mode of transmission: inhaling spores.
Prevention: avoid dusty environments.
Treatment: surgical removal of aspergillomas, antifungals.

20
Q

Coccidioides:
chart

A

Causes: valley fever or coccidioidomycosis.
Pathogenesis:
-Focal: spherules in lungs
-Invasive: can cause pneumonia and spread to meninges, bones, etc.
Mode of transmission: inhaling spores.
Treatment: avoid dusty environments, especially in endemic areas.

21
Q

what are the characteristics of protozoa?

A
  • Unicellular protists
  • No cell wall
  • Has Trophozoites: vegetative cell forms inside the host; the vegetative cell develops a protective covering called a cyst when released from the host (in stool).
  • Transmission: ingestion of food/water contaminated with cysts
  • Heterotrophs: get food from the host
  • Reproduction: asexual or sexual
22
Q

what are protozoa subgroups based/categorized on?

A

their means of locomotion

23
Q

what are the subgroups of protozoa?

A
  • Amoebas (uses pseudopodia to crawl).
  • Ciliates: uses cilia
  • Flagellates: uses flagella
  • Sporozoans: non-motile adults
24
Q

Giardia duodenalis:
Chart

A

(Type of protozoa)
Causes: Giardiasis (GI disease).
Mode of transmission: fecal-oral route. (This happens by the feces having trophozoites and cysts, which contaminate food and water. The ingestion leads to an infection in the small intestine. Trophozoites develop cysts and are released).
Prevention: drink boiled or filtered water, sanitary food preparation, and hand hygiene.
Symptoms: cramps, diarrhea, nausea.

25
Q

what are protozoa subgroups based/categorized on?

A

their means of locomotion

26
Q

Trypanosoma brucei gambiense:
Chart

A

Causes: African Sleeping Sickness.
Modes of transmission: Tse Tse fly (which is the vector).
Prevention: mosquito nets, repellants, avoid exposures to vectors with proper clothing, window screens, bet nets.
(looks like worms but are protozoa).
Life cycle:
- You get bit by a Tse Tse fly, eventually gets into your bloodstream, effects and controls nervous system, could cause death.

27
Q

what are the three stages of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection?

A
  1. Cutaneous stage: formation of papule/chancre at bite site.
  2. Hemolymphatic stage: infection of blood/lymph (body pain, fever, chills, enlarged lymph nodes).
  3. Nervous stage: infection of CNS (headaches, personality change, sleepiness, coma, death).
28
Q

Plasmodium:
chart

A

Disease: Malaria
Transmission: female (Anopheles) vector mosquito bite.
Symptoms: fever, headache, chills.
Prevention:
- Vector control: insecticide-treated mosquito nets, indoor insecticide spraying.
- Anti-malarial drugs: chemoprophylaxis, given to travelers, pregnant women, and infants.
- Vaccine RTS, S/AS01: first-ever vaccine developed against a parasite

29
Q

how does malaria invade the body?

A

Invades the liver and then the blood cells, here parasites go through various life stages; they burst from red blood cells when another mosquito becomes infected during a blood meal.

30
Q

out of the 5 species, which form of plasmodium is the deadliest and most prevalent?

A

Out of 5 species, P. falciparum is the most prevalent and deadliest

31
Q

what happens to adults and children if malaria is left untreated?

A

Untreated cases can lead to severe illness
Adults: multi-organ failure
Children: anemia, respiratory distress, cerebral defects, and even death if untreated

32
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis:
chart

A

Causes: trichomoniasis
Symptoms:
- 70% asymptomatic
- itching, burning, soreness, and discharge from genitals.
Modes of transmission: STD
Prevention: abstinence, limit sexual partners, condoms

33
Q

Entamoeba histolytica:
chart

A

Causes: amebiasis
Symptoms:
- 80% asymptomatic
- Diarrhea, dysentery, cramps
Mode of transmission: fecal-oral route (contaminated feces)
Prevention: clean food and water consumption, personal hygiene

34
Q

Toxoplasma gondii:
chart

A

Causes: toxoplasmosis
Symptoms: asymptomatic, serious for pregnant, and immunocompromised.
Mode of transmission: eating contaminated meat/shellfish, accidental ingestion of contaminated cat feces, congenital
Prevention: cook and handle food properly; change cat litter box daily (parasites do not become infectious until 1 to 5 days after it is shed in the cat’s feces)

35
Q

What are the characteristics of helminths?

A

-Multicellular animals
-Heterotrophs
-Endoparasites (living inside us)
-Can have multiple hosts
-Reproduce sexually to lay eggs - eggs or larvae infect humans

36
Q

helminths can have multiple hosts - what does this mean?

A

They can have a:
- Definitive host: supports adult form and sexual reproduction
- Intermediate host: supports immature form and asexual reproduction

37
Q

what are the subgroups of helminths?

A

Nematodes (roundworms):
Long worms tapered at the end
Complete digestive tract with 2 openings (mouth/anus)
Lots of worms don’t have 2 openings
Two sexes with true reproductive organs (females are larger than males)

Cestodes (tapeworms):
Long segmented flatworms
Scolex: the head with suckers and hooks to attach to the host’s intestinal wall
Proglottids: segments with both male and female reproductive organs.
Intestinal parasites
No mouth or gastrovascular cavity; absorbs nutrients through the body surface

Trematodes (flukes):
Short, non-segmented flatworms
Oral and ventral suckers for host attachment
Intestinal parasites/diseases
Incomplete digestive tract (one opening only)

38
Q

Ascaris Lumbricoides:
chart

A

Nematode (roundworm)
Causes intestinal disease ascariasis.
Can be seen with naked eye.
Giant human intestinal roundworm.
Modes of transmission:
- Fecal-oral route
- Lives in intestine, reproduces to make eggs, eggs passed in feces, feces can contaminate food and water.
Prevention: Prevention: sanitary disposal of human feces, don’t use human feces as fertilizer, keeping hands out of mouths, proper hand hygiene, washing/peeling/cook fruits and vegetables, and drinking clean water.
Symptoms: vary
None, abdominal discomfort, intestinal blockage, can spread to other parts of the body
Diagnosis: microscopy of stool sample.
Treatment: antihelmintics

39
Q

Taenia solium:
chart

A

Pork Tapeworm (cestodes)
Causes disease taeniasis
Definitive host: human
Intermediate host: pig
Modes of transmission: eating undercooked pork containing larval cysts in muscle tissue.
Prevention: don’t eat undercooked pork
In the small intestine, larvae form adults; adults reproduce to make eggs; eggs are shed in feces; feces are eaten by pigs.
Symptoms:
None or mild
Abdominal pain
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Upset stomach
Diagnosis: microscopy of a stool sample
Treatment: anthelmintics

40
Q

Schistosoma mansoni:
chart

A

Trematodes; fluke
Causes schistosomiasis
Definitive host: human
Intermediate host: snail
Modes of transmission: skin penetration by larvae in snail-infested waters
Prevention: avoid contaminated water, sanitary disposal of human feces, and molluscicides to kill snails
An example of when this happened - was when China vs. Taiwan was in a war, and China went through the water and got this disease and lost the war
Eggs in feces/urine hatch in water to form larvae that infect snail; the snail releases a different form of larvae in water, these penetrate human skin and through blood reach the liver; males and females pair up and migrate to the large intestine/bladder where they undergo sexual reproduction to form eggs.

41
Q

Clonorchis sinensis:
chart

A

Trematode, fluke
Causes: clonorchiasis
Symptoms: none to mild to severe intestinal symptoms
Definitive host: human
Intermediate host: snail
Mode of transmission: by eating raw/undercooked freshwater fish
Prevention: avoid raw/uncooked freshwater fish
Eggs are released in water; they are eaten by snails that poop larvae; these are eaten by fish; fish are eaten by humans; larvae enter bile ducts and multiply to make eggs which are passed in stools.

42
Q

Characteristics of arthropod parasites

A
  • Ectoparasite: Consumes blood or tissue/tissue fluids from the host. Ex: a mosquito taking a blood meal (feeding on our blood).
  • Vectors: Carriers of diseases
    1. Mechanical Vectors: carry pathogens externally and mechanically deposits them onto surfaces. Ex: a house fly carrying E. coli from feces.
    2. Biological Vectors: carry pathogens internally and is a vital part of the pathogen’s life cycle. Ex:
    Mosquitos can carry malaria, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Ticks can carry Lyme disease, Rocky Mountain spotted fever
43
Q

Anopheles mosquito (insect):
Chart

A

Causes disease: insect bites can vector other diseases (malaria)
Modes of transmission: adult female mosquito flies from host to host
Prevention: avoid exposure to vectors (similar to malaria)

44
Q

Ixodes tick (arachnid)

A

Causes disease: tick bites can vector other diseases (Lyme disease)
Modes of transmission: ticks (larvae, nymphs, and adults) attach to the host from other humans or aminals
Prevention: avoid exposure to vectors, via proper clothing and tick repellents, and remove ticks with forceps.
Female ticks become engorged and increase in size after a blood meal.

Microbiology (53 decks)

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