Lecture 5 Lipids and cell membranes Chapter 11 Flashcards by carson72092 Unknown

Which membrane lipid is composed of sphingosine, fatty acid, and a simple sugar?
a. sphingoside
b. cerebroside
c. sphingolipid
d. sphingomyelin
e. cardiolipin

b. cerebroside

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Which lipids contain a branched chain of seven sugar residues?
a. gangliosides
b. sphingolipids
c. glycolipid
d. cerebrosides
e. sugar-containing lipids

a. gangliosides

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What is an alcohol component in cerebroside?
a. glycerol
b. ethanolamine
c. inositol
d. sphingosine
e. choline

d. sphingosine

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What is the common name of hexadecanoic acid?
a. oleic acid
b. stearic acid
c. palmitic acid
d. linoleic acid
e. linolenic acid

c. palmitic acid

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What is the common name of (18:3) fatty acid?
a. oleic acid
b. stearic acid
c. palmitic acid
d. linoleic acid
e. linolenic acid

c. palmitic acid

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The systematic name of linoleic acid is _____ acid.
a. hexadecanoic
b. octadecanoic
c. octadecenoic
d. octadecadienoic
e. octadecatrienoic

d. octadecadienoic

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What carbon atom from the carboxyl terminus of a fatty acid is often referred to as β?
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
e. the last carbon atom in the chain

c. 3

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What lipids are referred to as polycyclic hydrocarbons?
a. phospholipids
b. steroids
c. sphingolipids
d. triacylglycerols with highly unsaturated fatty acids
e. glycolipids

b. steroids

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Choose the compound that is composed of a chain of hydrogen-bearing carbon atoms terminated with a carboxyl group.
a. fatty acid
b. triacylglycerol
c. lipid
d. carboxylic acid
e. steroid

a. fatty acid

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Choose the denotation for the double bond position and conformation in natural oleic acid.
a. trans-Δ2
b. cis-Δ2
c. cis, cis-Δ9,Δ12
d. trans-Δ9
e. cis-Δ9

c. cis, cis-Δ9,Δ12

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In what form does a fatty acid exist in the physiological pH range?
a. anion
b. cation
c. protonated molecule
d. acid
e. zwitterion

a. anion

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The configuration of most fatty acids in biological systems is predominantly:
a. cis.
b. trans.
c. all-trans.
d. Δ12.
e. ω-3.

a. cis.

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A(n) _____ in the chain length will result in formation of _____ van der Waals interactions between the chains and a(n) _____ of the melting point.
a. decrease; more; increase
b. increase; more; increase
c. increase; less; decrease
d. decrease; more; decrease
e. increase; less; increase

b. increase; more; increase

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What linkages are in phosphoglycerides between fatty acids and a glycerol backbone?
a. ether linkages
b. thioether linkages
c. phosphate linkages
d. methylene linkages
e. ester linkages

e. ester linkages

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The common feature of all ω-3 fatty acids is/are:
a. a methyl group at the carboxyl end of the fatty acid.
b. a methyl group on the third carbon of the chain.
c. a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3.
d. a triple bond at the carboxyl end of the fatty acid.
e. several double bonds in the chain.

c. a double bond between carbon atoms 2 and 3.

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What is a term for hydrophobic groups that are covalently attached to proteins and tether them to the membrane?
a. lipid linkages
b. membrane modifications
c. membrane linkages
d. membrane anchors
e. membrane bonds

d. membrane anchors

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In proteins, the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is attached to the:
a. cysteine residue.
b. cysteine residue at the carboxyl terminus.
c. carboxyl terminus.
d. amino terminus.
e. serine residue.

c. carboxyl terminus.

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A precursor to estradiol is:
a. sitosterol.
b. eicosapentaenoate.
c. cholesterol.
d. cardiolipin.
e. arachidonate.

c. cholesterol.

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How many rings are in the steroid nucleus?
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. 3
e. 4

e. 4

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What group of living things contains in its cell membranes lipids with ether rather than ester linkages between the fatty acid chains and a glycerol backbone?
a. fungi
b. archaea
c. bacteria
d. mycoplasma
e. eukaryotes

b. archaea

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What is the main storage form of fatty acids?
a. micelles
b. liposomes
c. triacylglycerols
d. phospholipids
e. glycolipids

c. triacylglycerols

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What is the major site of accumulation of triacylglycerols in mammals?
a. adipose tissue
b. liver
c. mitochondria
d. endoplasmic reticulum
e. insulating tissue

a. adipose tissue

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What are derived from the treatment of triacylglycerols with strong bases?
a. salts of triacylglycerol
b. diacylglycerols
c. phosphatidic acids
d. salts of fatty acids
e. free glycerols

d. salts of fatty acids

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Which organisms do NOT have sterols in their membranes?
a. bacteria
b. fungi
c. plants
d. insects
e. protozoa

a. bacteria

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The GPI anchor does NOT contain a(n): a. double bond. b. amino group. c. cyclopentane ring. d. ester linkage. e. mannose.

c. cyclopentane ring.

Derivatives of cholesterol with an alcohol functional group are: a. steroids. b. sterols. c. hopanoids. d. hopanols. e. sterones.

b. sterols.

What is one of the defects that lead to Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome? a. The farnesyl group is not attached to the lamin precursor. b. The farnesyl group is not removed from the lamin precursor. c. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is not attached to the lamin precursor. d. The glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor is not removed from the lamin precursor. e. Lamin is subject to hypermethylation.

b. The farnesyl group is not removed from the lamin precursor.

The presence of cis double bonds in fatty acids limits tight packaging and the number of _____ interactions. a. hydrophobic b. ionic. c. nuclear d. hydrogen-bonding e. van der Waals

e. van der Waals

Which phospholipid is abundant in the myelin sheath of neural cells? a. phosphatidic acid b. diacylglycerol c. diphophatidylglycerol d. sphingomyelin e. phosphatidylinositol

d. sphingomyelin

Unsaturation in fatty acids _______ melting points of lipids.

decreases

What corresponds to the polar head group of phosphatidylcholine? a. choline b. phosphorylcholine c. phosphate d. glycerophosphocholine e. glycerol

b. phosphorylcholine

Phosphatidylethanolamine does NOT contain a(n) _____ group. a. amino b. methylene c. carboxyl d. carbonyl e. methyl

c. carboxyl

Phosphatidylinositol does NOT contain a(n): a. amino group. b. methylene group. c. ester linkage. d. carbonyl group. e. hydroxyl group.

a. amino group.

Hosphatidylcholine does NOT contain a(n): a. carbonyl group. b. hydroxyl group. c. ester linkage. d. amino group. e. methylene group.

b. hydroxyl group.

Cardiolipin does NOT contain a(n): a. phosphate group. b. methyl group. c. ester linkage. d. amino group. e. hydroxyl group.

d. amino group.

Phosphatidate does NOT contain a(n): a. phosphate. b. glycerol. c. ester linkage. d. acyl chain. e. glucose.

e. glucose.

Eukaryotic cell membranes usually do NOT contain: a. phospholipids. b. glycolipids. c. steroids. d. triacylglycerols. e. sphingolipids.

triacylglycerols.

Which is NOT a function of lipids? a. intercellular signaling b. fuel source c. structural rigidity of the cytoskeleton d. membrane component e. source of intermediates for biosynthesis of other lipids

c. structural rigidity of the cytoskeleton

How many double bonds does octadecatrienoic acid have? a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3 e. 4

d. 3

Which fact about a fatty acid is indicated by the notation 12:2? a. There are 12 carbons in the chain with two double bonds. b. There are two 12-carbon chains for this fatty acid. c. The second carbon has a fatty acid double bond. d. The 12th carbon has a double bond.

a. There are 12 carbons in the chain with two double bonds.

The longer is the fatty acid, the _____ the fatty acid is/has. a. more oxidized b. lower the melting point of c. more double bonds d. more reduced e. higher the melting point of

c. more double bonds

How many carbons does palmitate have in its chain? a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 20 e. 24

c. 16

The backbone of a phospholipid is a: a. glycerol. b. cholesterol. c. fatty acid chain. d. triacylglycerol. e. glucose.

a. glycerol.

At which carbon of glycerol is the polar head group of phospholipids found? a. C-1 b. C-2 c. C-3 d. C-1–OH e. C-2–OH

c. C-3

What functional group are polar head groups of phospholipids esterified to? a. methyl b. phosphate c. ketone d. thiol e. aldehyde

b. phosphate

. Identify the differences in archaea membrane lipids compared to those of eukaryotes or bacteria and how these differences help them withstand extreme environmental conditions. a. The ether linkages are more readily hydrolyzed by enzymes, allowing the membrane to serve as an energy reserve. b. The glycerol moiety is esterified to multiple complex carbohydrate chains, making them more soluble in low-pH environments. c. The fatty acid chains are branched, allowing them to pack more tightly, thereby protecting membrane integrity. d. There are two phosphate esters instead of only one, giving the archaea better solubility in high-salt environments. e. Omega-3 fatty acids are common in membranes and may act as important precursors as they do in eukaryotes.

c. The fatty acid chains are branched, allowing them to pack more tightly, thereby protecting membrane integrity.

Eating _____ rich in the ω-3 fatty acids protects from: a. arachidonic acid; cardiovascular disease b. a low fat diet; cardiovascular disease c. fatty fish; cardiovascular disease d. shellfish; lung cancer e. vegetable oils; blood pressure

c. fatty fish; cardiovascular disease

Cholesterol and other steroids are not soluble in blood and therefore must be transported. Predict what chemical modifications must occur for cholesterol to move through the circulatory system. a. Cholesterol forms micelles in blood, the surface of which is hydrophilic and the interior hydrophobic. b. Cholesterol cannot be transported in blood, so it is broken down and resynthesized in all cells. c. Cholesterol moves through cell membranes from tissue to tissue. d. Cholesterol forms glycolipids with large carbohydrate complexes in order to increase solubility. e. Cholesterol is esterified to a fatty acid for transport by lipoprotein particles, the surface of which is hydrophilic and the interior hydrophobic.

c. Cholesterol moves through cell membranes from tissue to tissue.

The shorthand notation indicating that there are two cis double bonds between carbons 9 and 10 and again between 12 and 13 is _____.

cis, cis-Δ9, Δ12

WHAT FACTORS DETERMINE THE MELTING POINT OF FATTTY ACIDS?

SATURATION/UNSATURATION LONGER CHAINGS: MORE LONDON DISPERSON -HIGHER MELTING POINT

LIGNOCERATE

24 CARBONS 0 DOUBLE BONDS N-TETRACOSANOATE CH3(CH2)22COO-

LAURATE

12 CARBONS 0 DOULB EBONDS N-DODECANOATE

MYRISTATE

14 CARBONS 0 DOUBLE BONDS N- TETRADECANOATE CH3(CH2)12COO-

PALMITATE

16 CARBONS 0 DOUBLE BONDS N-HEXADECANOATE CH3(CH2)14 COO-

STEARATE

18 CARBONS 0 DOUBLE BONDS N- OCTADECONATE CH3(CH2)16 C00-

ARACHIDATE

20 CARBONS 0 DOUBLE BONDS N-EICOSANOATE CHE(CH2)18 C00-

BENENATE

22 CARBONS 0 DOUBLE BONDS N-DOCOSANOATE CH3(CH2)20 COO-

PALMITOLEATE

16 CARBONS 1 DOUBLE BONDS CIS-Δ9- HEXADECENOATE CH3(CH2)5CH = CH(CH2)7 COO-

OLEATE

18 CARBONS 1 DOUBLE BOND CIS - Δ9-OCTADECENOATE CH3(CH2)7CH = CH (CH2)7 COO-

LINOLEATE

18 CARBONS 2 DOUBLE BONDS CIS, CIS- Δ9, Δ12- OCTADECADIENOATE CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH)6 COO-

LINOLENATE

18 CARBONS 3 DOUBLEBONDS ALL- CIS-Δ9, Δ12, Δ15- OCTADECATRIENOATE CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH)6 COO-

ARACHIDONATE

20 CARBONS 4 DOUBLE BONDS ALL - CIS-Δ5, Δ8, Δ11, Δ14- EICOSATETRAENOATE CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2 COO-