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Bio CHEM USCB > Lecture 1 Introduction to biochemistry CH1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Introduction to biochemistry CH1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Bio Chemistry

A

the study of chemical processes within living organisms

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2
Q

What underlies the unity of biochemistry?
a. Some organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level.
b. All leaving beings are highly uniform at the organismal level.
c. Organisms are highly uniform at the cellular level.
d. All organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level.
e. Some leaving beings are highly uniform at the cellular level.

A

d. All organisms are highly uniform at the molecular level.

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3
Q

How many times more carbon is contained in organisms than in Earth’s crust?
a. 60 times
b. 50 times
c. 9.5 times
d. 10 times
e. 100 times

A

b. 50 times

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4
Q
  1. What is NOT a primary function of proteins?
    a. signal receptors
    b. energy storage
    c. signal molecules
    d. structural units
    e. defensive agents
A

b. energy storage

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5
Q

What does being a catalyst mean?
a. slowing down the rate of reactions to increase control over them
b. being fully utilized in the course of a reaction; causing no unnecessary change in the reaction components
c. repeatedly enhancing the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed
d. repeatedly decreasing the rate of chemical reactions without being affected by enzymes
e. enhancing the rate of chemical reactions being permanently affected during their course to control the environmental changes

A

c. repeatedly enhancing the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed

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6
Q

Which structure CANNOT be a nucleotide?
a. a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and at least one phosphoryl group
b. a five-carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure and one phosphoryl group
c. a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and two phosphoryl groups
d. a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and four phosphoryl groups
e. a five-carbon sugar attached to a heterocyclic ring structure and three phosphoryl groups

A

a five-carbon sugar attached to a base and four phosphoryl groups

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7
Q

What determines the nature of an organism?
a. the information stored in proteins
b. the information contained in deoxyribonucleotides
c. the information stored in the deoxyribonucleic acid
d. the information stored in biological polymers
e. the information contained in the ribonucleic acid

A

c. the information stored in the deoxyribonucleic acid

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8
Q
  1. What is NOT a nucleotide?
    a. adenine
    b. thymine
    c. uracil
    d. cytosine
    e. adenosine
A

e. adenosine

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9
Q
  1. Which statement about compositional differences between DNA and RNA is TRUE?
    a. Ribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group.
    b. Ribonucleotides exploit three different bases, while deoxyribonucleotides exploit four.
    c. Deoxyribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group.
    d. Deoxyribonucleotides contain a five-carbon sugar, whereas RNA bases contain a six-carbon sugar.
    e. Ribonucleotides exploit four different bases, while deoxyribonucleotides exploit tree.
A

a. Ribonucleotides contain an additional hydroxyl group.

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10
Q
  1. What is the molecular basis for establishing intracellular compartments?
    a. the formation of membranous barriers due to ability of proteins to form extended linear structures
    b. the ability of lipids to form barriers due to their dual properties regarding solubility in water
    c. the formation of lipid barriers due to the small size of lipids
    d. the development of lipid barriers due to hydrophilic interactions within lipid molecules
    e. the formation of lipid barriers due to the dual nature of lipids regarding their interactions with proteins
A

b. the ability of lipids to form barriers due to their dual properties regarding solubility in water

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11
Q
  1. What can serve as sites of cell-to-cell interactions?
    a. molecules of glycogen
    b. branched chains of carbohydrates
    c. branched proteins
    d. hydrophobic tails of lipids
    e. hydrophilic heads of lipids
A

b. branched chains of carbohydrates

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12
Q

Choose the CORRECT statement about functions of lipids and proteins.
a. They both can be involved in signal transduction.
b. They both form a cell skeleton.
c. They both act as receptors for signal molecules.
d. They both can provide large amounts of cellular energy upon combustion.
e. They both are involved in the transfer of biological information.

A

a. They both can be involved in signal transduction.

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13
Q
  1. What determines the function of a cell or tissue?
    a. information contained in the genome
    b. selective transcription of RNA
    c. translation of RNA
    d. replication of DNA
    e. selective expression of genes
A

e. selective expression of genes

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14
Q
  1. What is the central dogma?
    a. the flow of information across all biomolecules of a cell
    b. the scheme proposed by Francis Crick to describe complex cell-to-cell interactions
    c. the basic scheme of the flow of information in the cell for eventual rendering of the genetic information into a functional form
    d. the scheme proposed in 1958 to describe the genome
    e. the basic scheme of selective replication of DNA
A

c. the basic scheme of the flow of information in the cell for eventual rendering of the genetic information into a functional form

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15
Q
  1. What is the basic unit of life?
    a. DNA
    b. protein
    c. RNA
    d. cell
    e. biomolecular complexes
A

d. cell

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16
Q

What constitutes the cell membrane?
a. a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of lipid hydrophobic heads with each other and lipid hydrophilic tails with the environment
b. the outer layer of a cytoplasm
c. a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of lipid hydrophobic tails with each other and lipid hydrophilic heads with an aqueous environment
d. the periplasmic space
e. a lipid bilayer organized by interaction with membrane proteins

A

c. a lipid bilayer organized through interaction of lipid hydrophobic tails with each other and lipid hydrophilic heads with an aqueous environment

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17
Q

How can one distinguish eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
a. Eukaryotic cells do not have any membranous compartments.
b. The cytoplasm is present only in eukaryotic cells.
c. The nucleoid in eukaryotes, unlike in prokaryotes, occupies most of the cell.
d. Membrane-enclosed compartments are absent in prokaryotes.
e. Eukaryotic cells are surrounded by two membranes with the periplasmic space in between.

A

d. Membrane-enclosed compartments are absent in prokaryotes.

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18
Q
  1. What are two biochemical features that are obligatory for a cell to exist?
    a. plasma membrane and nucleus
    b. nucleus and cytoplasm
    c. storage for genetic information and a lipid bilayer
    d. plasma membrane and nucleoid
    e. plasma membrane and cytoplasm
A

e. plasma membrane and cytoplasm

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19
Q

What is an example of the structural function of carbohydrates?
a. formation of branched complexes involved in cell-to-cell interaction
b. construction of a cell wall
c. formation of glycogen polymers
d. modification of proteins
e. construction of starch in plants

A

b. construction of a cell wall

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20
Q
  1. Which is an organelle?
    a. ribosome
    b. cytoskeleton
    c. plasma membrane
    d. secretory granule
A

d. secretory granule

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21
Q

Which sequence of steps preceding DNA replication is TRUE?
a. The DNA polymerase gene is transcribed in the nucleus → the DNA is translated into the enzyme on ER → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.
b. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized in the nucleus → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.
c. The DNA polymerase gene is translated in the nucleus → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → transcription takes place in the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.
d. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is translated in the cytoplasm→ the enzyme is transferred to the nucleus → transcription takes place in the ribosome.
e. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized in the cytoplasm → the mRNA is transferred to the nucleus → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores out of the nucleus.

A

b. mRNA of the DNA polymerase gene is synthesized in the nucleus → the mRNA is transferred to the cytoplasm → the DNA polymerase is synthesized on the ribosome → the enzyme is translocated through nuclear pores into the nucleus.

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22
Q

In which organelles is chemical energy generated?
a. nucleus and mitochondrion
b. chloroplast and nucleus
c. mitochondrion and endosome
d. mitochondrion and chloroplast
e. nucleus and endosome

A

d. mitochondrion and chloroplast

23
Q

What is the source of cellular energy?
a. glucose
b. mitochondrion
c. adenosine triphosphate
d. glycogen
e. lipids

A

c. adenosine triphosphate

24
Q

The quantity of which organelle can be markedly changed by increasing the ingestion of drugs by an organism?
a. smooth ER
b. zymogen granules
c. rough ER
d. the Golgi complex
e. ER lumen

A

a. smooth ER

25
Q

What organelles is NOT surrounded by two membranes?
a. nucleus
b. chloroplast
c. mitochondrion
d. the Golgi complex
e. chromoplast

A

d. the Golgi complex

26
Q

Which statement about a plant cell is TRUE?
a. The conversion of sunlight into a form of energy useful for a cell takes place in the plant vacuole.
b. The plant cell wall is constructed from linear polymers of amino acids.
c. The conversion of sunlight into a form of energy useful for a cell takes place in the mitochondrion.
d. Chloroplasts power the whole living world.
e. The plant cell wall is constructed mostly from branched polymers of carbohydrates.

A

d. Chloroplasts power the whole living world.

27
Q

How big is a human microbiome in relation to the number of human cells?
a. relates as 0:1
b. relates as 2:1
c. relates as 13:1
d. relates as 1:2
e. approximately equal

A

e. approximately equal

28
Q
  1. What is the role of DNA polymerase?
    a. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA.
    b. It structures the collection of genes.
    c. It is the catalyst of synthesis of new strands of DNA.
    d. It selectively expresses heritable information of an organism.
    e. It is the catalyst of separation of DNA strands.
A

c. It is the catalyst of synthesis of new strands of DNA.

29
Q
  1. Where are secreted proteins modified?
    a. smooth ER and transport vesicle
    b. the Golgi complex and smooth ER
    c. rough ER and transport vesicle
    d. the Golgi complex and transport vesicle
    e. rough ER and the Golgi complex
A

e. rough ER and the Golgi complex

30
Q

What regions of the endoplasmic reticulum can lack ribosomes?
a. rough ER and budding-off secretory vesicles
b. smooth ER and transport vesicles budding off the rough ER
c. smooth ER and secretory vesicles budding off the rough ER
d. rough ER and transport vesicles budding off the smooth ER
e. smooth ER and sequestered plasma membrane

A

b. smooth ER and transport vesicles budding off the rough ER

31
Q

Which statement about the difference between endocytosis and phagocytosis is TRUE?
a. Endosomes formed only in phagocytosis can be fused with lysosomes.
b. Small amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only large ones by endocytosis.
c. Endosomes formed only in endocytosis can be fused with lysosomes.
d. Large amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only small ones by endocytosis.
e. Only immune cells can endocytize cholesterol.

A

d. Large amounts of material can be taken into the cell by phagocytosis but only small ones by endocytosis.

32
Q
  1. Which process is similar to the formation of lysosomes?
    a. formation of secretory granules
    b. endocytosis
    c. phagocytosis
    d. formation of transport vesicles
    e. stacking of membranes
A

a. formation of secretory granules

33
Q

Where does sorting of proteins take place?
a. rough ER
b. transport vesicle
c. the Golgi complex
d. smooth ER
e. secretory vesicle

A

c. the Golgi complex

34
Q

What components can assist in protein folding?
a. stacked membranes
b. chaperons
c. zymogens
d. ribosomes
e. lipids

A

b. chaperons

35
Q

Which organelles are unique for plant cells?
a. chloroplasts and plant vacuole
b. chloroplasts, cell wall, and plant vacuole
c. chloroplasts
d. cell wall and plant vacuole
e. chloroplasts and filaments

A

a. chloroplasts and plant vacuole

36
Q

What characterizes the matrix of the mitochondria?
a. membrane that is in touch with the cytoplasm
b. highly invaginated membrane
c. combustion of fuel molecules
d. intermembrane space
e. actin filaments

A

b. highly invaginated membrane

37
Q
  1. Which is common between the biomolecules that contribute to the transfer of biological information?
    a. diverse three-dimensional structure
    b. dimerization
    c. dual chemical nature
    d. repeating units in the linear structure
    e. repeating units in the branched structure
A

d. repeating units in the linear structure

38
Q

n higher organisms, what is a polymer with double-stranded phosphodiester-linked monomers?
a. RNA
b. DNA
c. protein
d. carbohydrate
e. lipid

A

b. DNA

39
Q

. What determines folding of a protein?
a. hydrophobic or hydrophilic environment
b. the location of a protein in the cell
c. the pH of the cytoplasm
d. the sequence of amino acids that constitute the protein
e. interactions of proteins with lipids

A

d. the sequence of amino acids that constitute the protein

40
Q

The half-life of what molecule is likely to be the shortest?
a. protein
b. lipid
c. carbohydrate
d. DNA
e. mRNA

A

c. carbohydrate

41
Q

What is another function of a plasma membrane apart from its barrier function?
a. providing to the interior of the cell an enclosed environment that no molecules may cross
b. providing a selectively permeable barrier with the aid of transport proteins
c. giving eukaryote and prokaryote cells structural strength
d. allowing only a free passage of water in and out of the cell
e. facilitated entrance of hormones

A

e. facilitated entrance of hormones

42
Q

Poisons that kill an organism as a result of a loss of high-energy ATP molecules are MOST likely to target which organelle?
a. mitochondria
b. cytoskeleton
c. cytoplasm
d. endoplasmic reticulum
e. nucleus

A

a. mitochondria

43
Q

A secreted protein would be processed through organelles in what order?
a. nucleus, secretory vesicle, Golgi complex
b. cytoplasm, Golgi complex, cytosol, secretory vesicle
c. endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicle, Golgi complex
d. nucleus, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, secretory vesicle
e. endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, zymogen granule

A

c. endoplasmic reticulum, secretory vesicle, Golgi complex

44
Q

Extracellular material is taken into the eukaryotic cell via:
a. exocytosis.
b. phagocytosis.
c. formation of zymogen granules.
d. secretory pathway.
e. diffusion.

A

b. phagocytosis.

45
Q

If substance X inhibits secretion of the labeled protein but fully synthesized, folded, and glycosylated protein is still found in the cell, where is the most likely site for substance X to act?
a. nucleus during translation
b. budding off the secretory granule
c. translation on the ribosome
d. enzyme modification in the Golgi complex
e. nucleus during transcription

A

b. budding off the secretory granule

46
Q

Which match between the loss of a particular organelle with the associated disease is TRUE?
a. hypercholesterolemia – smooth endoplasmic reticulum
b. diabetes – endosome
c. Tay-Sachs disease – lysosome
d. muscle degeneration – mitochondria
e. stroke – Golgi body

A

c. Tay-Sachs disease – lysosome

47
Q

What experiments would you preform to verify the existence of the endoplasmic reticulum in a strain of bacteria?
a. determine whether the bacterium can synthesize ATP in the presence of fuel molecules and O2
b. determine whether the bacterium can synthesize proteins
c. determine whether the bacterium generates CO2 in the presence of fuel molecules
d. determine whether the bacterium has an internal membrane-enclosed compartment
e. determine whether lipids can form a bilayer structure in the bacterial cell

A

d. determine whether the bacterium has an internal membrane-enclosed compartment

48
Q

What is/are the rigid material(s) that provide(s) structural support to a plant cell?
a. plant cytoskeleton
b. plasma membrane
c. cell wall
d. outer membrane
e. microfilaments and microtubules

A

c. cell wall

49
Q

Filaments and microtubules are components of a network called the:
a. chloroplast.
b. cytoplasm.
c. cytoskeleton.
d. cell wall.
e. mitochondrion.

A

c. cytoskeleton.

50
Q

Translation takes place on/in the:
a. ribosomes.
b. smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
c. nucleus.
d. DNA polymerases.
e. DNA parent strand.

A

a. ribosomes.

51
Q

What structure is this?

A

Adenine, A, binds with t in dna and u in rna with 2 hydrogen bonds

52
Q

What structure is this?

A

Guanine, G, binds with C, purine

53
Q

What structure is this

A

Cytosine, C, binds to G with 3 hydrogen bonds, Pyrimidine

54
Q

What structure is this

A

Thymine, T, binds to A, only in DNA, pyrimidine

Bio CHEM USCB (20 decks)

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