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258: Physiology > lecture 5: Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) > Flashcards

lecture 5: Kreb’s cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first product that enters in the kreb cycle and how many of them are they

A

acetyl coa

2

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2
Q

what are 2 other named for the kreb cycle

A

Citric acid cycle

tricarboxylic acid cycle

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3
Q

what substance links gylcolysis and kreb cycel

A

acetyle coa

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4
Q

true or false, you only lose CO2 in pyruvate oxydation

A

false, you lose 2 CO2 on kreb cycle

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5
Q

what are the 2 co enzymes of the kreb cycle

A

FADH2 and NADH

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6
Q

what is FAD

A

flavin adenine dinucelotide

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7
Q

WHAT DOES FAD reduce to

A

FADH2

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8
Q

explain the reduction of the FAD

A

it can be reduced to FADH2 when it accepts 2 H+ and 2 electron

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9
Q

what is the structure of FAD

A

has two nitrogen groups to accept the Hydrogens and electrons
contains ADP and a riboflavin

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10
Q

how many carbons are in acetyle coa

A

2

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11
Q

how many carbons are in oxaloacetate

A

4

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12
Q

how does the kreb cycle start (ie how is citrate formed)

A

the 4 carbon oxaloacetate merges with the 2 carbon acetyl coa and you get citrate being formed

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13
Q

Explain the kreb cycle

A

1) Acetyle coa merges with oxaloacetate to form citrate
2) There are a series of metabolic reactions to get the 6 carbon citrate down to a 4 carbon succinyl coa
3) the two carbons that are lost become CO2 and are expired at the lungs
4) At many stages you get NAD+ being reduced to NADH by accepting electrons and hydrogen from the substates of the cycle
5) You also get reduced of FAD to FADH2 by the same manor
6) This cycle also generates 1 ATP by hydolysis of GTP which phosphorylates ADP to ATP
7) cycle will continue until succinyl coa is turned into oxaloacetate again

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14
Q

for every turn of the ckrebcycle, how many NADH+h are formed

A

3

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15
Q

FOR EVERY TURN OF THE KREB CYCEL, how many FADH2 are formed

A

1

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16
Q

for every turn of the kreb cycle, how many co2 formed

A

2

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17
Q

for every turn of the kreb cycle, how many atp is gormed

A

1

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18
Q

how many turns of the kreb cycle happen for the pyruvates coming down from pyruvate oxidation

A

2 total times (2 molecules of acetyle coa)

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19
Q

what is needed for the cycle to continue

A

acetyl coa

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20
Q

in total, what are the yields for 1 turn of the kreb cycle

A

3 nadh
1 fadh2
1 atp
2 carbon dioxide

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21
Q

how is atp formed in the kreb cycle

A

GTP (guanine triphosphate) gets hydolized and donates its phosphate to ADP to become ATP

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22
Q

where is Fad and NADh located

A

in the mitochondira

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23
Q

where is pyruvate located

A

in the cytosol and gets transported through the membrane by protein carriers

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24
Q

where is the kreb cycle performed

A

matrix

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25
Q

why is acetyl coa an important biomechanical junction

A

many substances (proteins, pyruvates, fatty acids) can be transromed into acetyl coa and enter the kreb cycle

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26
Q

where are teh 3 main places atp are formed

A

glycolysis
kreb
ETC

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27
Q

Where do the cofactors for ETC come from>

A

NADH comes from either
kreb cycle (3)
OR
glycolysis (2) under aerobbic conditions

FADH2
kreb cycle

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28
Q

when will the NADH go to the ETC from glycolsysi

A

2 NADH will come if it is not being used for lactate (only in aerbocib or resting conditions)

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29
Q

WHere is the NADH from the gylcosis found

A

in the cytosol and needs to go into tbe. matrix for ETC

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30
Q

True or false: the NADH and FADH2 that go to the ETC only come from kreb cycle

A

false they also can come from glycolysis under the proper conditions

31
Q

how much ATP and NADH is formed from glycolysis

A 
2 atp (net
2 nadh (from glyceradhyde 3 phosphate)
32
Q

Does glycolysis happen in the mitochondiral matrix, the inner mitochondiral membrane or the cytosol

A

cytosol

33
Q

Does kreb happen in the mitochondiral matrix, the inner mitochondiral membrane or the cytosol

A

matrix

34
Q

Does ETC happen in the mitochondiral matrix, the inner mitochondiral membrane or the cytosol

A

inner mitochondiral membrane

35
Q

True or false: the ETC is a single segment of proteins in the inner mitochondiral matrix

A

false, there are many proteins that rpeat themselves over and over

36
Q

true or false: the ETC happens in the outer mitochondiral membrane only

A

false,

in the inner membrane only

37
Q

what is the space between the two mitcohondrial membranes called

A

the intermembrane space

38
Q

what does a complex mean (ETC)

A

a series of proteins attached

with an enxyme

39
Q

what are the complexed of the ETC

A

COmplex 1, 2, 3, 4

40
Q

what are the carries of the ETC (carrie the eelctrons)

A

CoQ and CytC

41
Q

What complex does NADH come into contact with first

A

complex 1

42
Q

what complex does FADH2 come into contact with first

A

complex 2

43
Q

explain the electon transportation for NADH

A

1) NADH contacts at complex once and gets reduced to NAD
2) electrons are released and flow through the complex and to the COq
3) This energy allows the Hydrogen to flow through the complex 1 into the intermmebrane space
4) electron travels with Coq to complex 3 and another hydrogen moves up complex 3
5) electron is bound to Ctc and goes to complex 4 allowing another hydrogen to move through complex 4
6) electron is transfered to oxygen

44
Q

do the electrons from NADH skip or pass through complex 2

A

skip it

45
Q

is the coq for NADH mobile or immobile

A

mobile

46
Q

is the coq for FAD mobile or imobile

A

immobile

47
Q

where are the 3 places that the hydrogens ar pumped through

A

complex 1, 3 and 4

48
Q

where do the hydrogens get pumped from and to

A

pumped from matrix

pumped to intermmebrane space

49
Q

explain electron transport from FADH

A

1) FADH2 comes into complex 2 and loses its 2 electrons and hydrogens to become FAD
2) electrons travels through COq and go to complex 3 which allows hydrogens to pas through complex 3
3) electrons nbind to cyt C and pass through complex 4 allowing hydrogens to move through complex 4
4) electrons get bound to oxygen

50
Q

what is the final electron acceptor

A

oxygen

51
Q

how do hydrogens get pumped into the intermembrane space?

A

the electon pairs donate energy (since they have a charge) to allow the hydrogen to move through the complex

52
Q

explain the oxygen as the final hydrogen acceptor

A

the elcetrons from the ETC bind onto the oxygen moleucle and form water

53
Q

why is oxygen so impportant to the ETC

A

it accepts electrons therefore with more oxygen, bind more elcetrons, then NADH and FADH2 can continue to donate electrons

with inadqurate oxygenation consumption, electrons have no where to bind and ETC will slow

54
Q

what is the last protein of the ETC

A

ATP synthase protein

55
Q

what is the ATP syntahse protein

A

it is an intramembrane enzyme that helps the speed of hydrogen proteins going through it

pumps the hydrogens back to the matrix

56
Q

true or false: ALL the complexes are considered to be intramembrane enzymes

A

false, complex 2 is only in the matrix

57
Q

What happens as hydrogens pass through the intramembrane atp synthase

A

Hydrogens passing thoreugh have a lot of kinetic energy build up therefore it imparts chemical energy to the ADP which allows a free phosphate to bind to ADP and form ATP

58
Q

True of false: for every hydrogen that passes through, you form atp

A

true

59
Q

the hydrogens from NADH get taken up through complex…

A

1,3,4

60
Q

the hydrogens of FADH2 go throug hthe compelx…

A

compelx 3 and 4

61
Q

for every molecule of NADH how many hydrogens and therefore how many atp is formed

A

1 molecule NADH=3 hydrogens=3 atp

62
Q

for every molecule of FADH2, how many hydrogens and therefore how many atp are formed

A

1 molecule FADH2= 2 hydrogens = 2 atp

63
Q

true or false: the matrix has a postiive charge

A

false

it has a negative charge which creates an electrocheimical gradient

64
Q

what is the reason hydrogens want to flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase protein>

A

There is a buildup of negative charge in the matrix of the mitochondira (since they are being pumped out) therefore this electrochemical attraction/gradient will cause the hydrogens to diffuse back into the matrix through atp synthase which will give you energy

65
Q

what is another name for the COq transporter

A

ubiquinone

66
Q

what is another name for complex threee

A

cytocochrome b-c1 complex

67
Q

what is the name for CT c

A

cytochrome c

68
Q

what is another name for the 4th complex

A

cytcohome oxidase complex

69
Q

true or false: only Coq is mobile?

A

false, cyt c is also mobile

70
Q

does complex 2 promote any hydrogen pumping/movement

A

no

71
Q

without oxygen what happens (full picture)

A

wihout oxygen, cannot bind electrons therefore the metabolic process will be backed up
hydrogen movement will decrease
electron transport activity will decrease (NADH and FADH2 will start to increase)
kreb cycle will shut down
pyruvate to acetyle (which goes to kreb) will stop
Pyruvate will go to lactic acid instead of actyl coa

72
Q

ETC and Chemiosmosis together is called..

A

oxidative phosphorylation

73
Q

what is the part of the ETC that produces energy called (the part that allows protons to travel back into the ATP synthase for ATP)

A

chemiosmosis

258: Physiology (25 decks)

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