lecture 10: Lipid classifications, fatty acids, lipases, fat oxidation Flashcards
what is the difference between omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids
omega three has the first double bond on the 3rd carbin from the methyl end
omega six has the first double bond on the 6th carbin from the methyl end
how do you differenciatied saturated, monounast, polyunstatu
look at the presence og double bonds
H3C is the methyl or carboxyl end
methyl
COH is the carboxyl or methyl end
carboxyl
what is another name for the carboxyl end
alhpa end
what is another name for the metyl end
omega
true or false: omega 3 has postive effects pm cardiovascular but omega 6 has negatvie effects
false they both has postitve effetcs
what is an important omega 3 that is consumed the most
EPA
what is the chemical formula for EPA and the name
eicosapentanoic
C20:5: n-3
what is the chemical formula for DHA and the name
docosahexanoic
C22: 6n-3
what is the chemical formula for alpha linealic acid
ALA
C18: 3n-3
what are 2 imporatnt omega 6 and their formulas
AA/ARA: arachadonic acid C20:4n-6
LA: linoleic acid C18: 2n-6
which omega 3 has 5 double bonds
EPA
which omega 3 has 6 double bonds
DHAA
which omega 3 has 3 double bondd
ALA
whcih omega 6 has 4 double bonds
aracadonic
which omega 6 has 2 doubl bonds
linoleic acid
omega 3 and 6 have benefits on hormone regulation
false
on CV benefits
what does PUFA
poly unsaturated fatty acids
which types of fatty acids have the most healthy benefits
omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
what are the CV in terms of vascular structure
decrease atherogenesis
decrease arterial stiffniss
decrease vascular smooth muscle cells
maintain intima media thickness
what is atherogenesis
build up of plaque (from fatty acids, chrolesterol) which causes the derodation of inner lining and can block blood flow
what is arterior stiff mness
with CV problems, the arterior walls can become hardened which impedes blood flow
is having more or less vascular smooth cells better
having less
what are the benefits in vascular function from omega 3
decrease in endothelial disfunction (releases nitrous oxide)
decrease in oxidative stress (most likely due to helping antioxidants)
decreae in inflammation
what is another name for a triglyceride
triacylglyceride
have many crbons are in the glycerol
3 carbon
glycerol serves as teh BLANK for tris
as the backbonw
what is a trigluceride
glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids joinnng by ester bonds/linkages
true or false: the fatty acids that compose the tri have no effect on the properties of it
false
true or false: you can have different types of fatty acids making up the 3 fatty acids
true
fats have FA with more of less double bonds
fewer
oilds have FA with more or less double bonds
more
oils are saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
fats are saturate or unsaturated
saturated
what is the function of the glycerold
allows the different fatty acid tails to attach
how is the tryglycerid formed
the glycerol binds with the 3 fatty acids (carbon attaches the the oxygen) by forming 3 water molecules and 3 ester linkages
what types of bonds are important in formation of tris
ester bonds
what is a triasterin
it is a triclygcerid composed of 3 steric acids and a gylcerol
what happens when one long chain FA leaves the glycerol back bone
left with glycerol and 2 fatty acids
DIGLYCERIDE
what happens when 2 long chain FA leaves the glycerol backbone
left with glycerol and one long chain FA
MONOglyceride
true or false: FAs of a triglkycerids can only be coprised of saturaed FA
false
they can be saturated, mono or ploy
steric acid is…
saturated
oleate is…
mono unsaturated
linoleate is…
poly unsaturated
whenn you bond the glycerol to the 3 acids and form water, what type of reaction occurs
condensation reaction
what is the function of a triglyceride
allows us to store these LONG chain fatty acids in our cells
true or false: phosphos contain only hydrophillic heads
false
they also contain hydrophobic tails
do phosphlipids contain a fatty acid component
yes
what makes of the tails of a phosholipid
the fatty acids
the tails of a phosphlipid are considered non polar or polar and why
non polar since they are hydrophobic
the head of the the phospholipid is polar or non polar and why
they are polar since they are hydrophillic
phospohlipids are sentive to what
free radicals
easily degraded by phoshos
what is an important fucntion opf phosplipids
make up the cell membrane
polar heads of phophos are usually in contact with…
water or soluble items like blood
what affects what type of phospholid it will be
the polar head that is attached to the phosphate
true or false: all phopohlipids have the same function
false
different fucntions according to the polar head
what is important about the polar heads
they contain electral charges which will allow different compoents to bind to it (like hormones or receptor or proteins)
what is an exmaple of an important phosphplipid
sphygomylin
why is shyingomylin improntant
it is found in the cell membrane of myelin sheates of axons (in brain for example) which helps propogate action potentials
what is the identifying feature of chroloestrol
composed of 4 fused carbon rings
what is another name for the 4 rings of cholesterol
steroid nucleus
what can be attacehdd to to cholesterols
hydrocarbon side chains
give some examples of cholesterol basded substances
cortisol (imporant stim of gluconeogensis)
aldosterone
progesterone, estradiol, testostherone)
what is the function of lipases
lay the backbone of the metabolism of fats
they are enzymes
what are the 2 imporant enzymes for fat metabolism (lipases)
Lipoprotein lipase
hormone sensitive lipase
what is the primary enxyme responsible for hydrolysis trigycelrides into free fatty acids
lipoprotein lipases
where do you find the lipoprotein lipase
attached to luminal surface of endothelial cells in capiliaries of adipose tissue
what is the general function of lipoprotein lipase
hydrolyszes the extracellular trigelyecires in lipoproteins
what activates the lipoprotein lipase
INSULINE
what is the hormone senstive lipase
intracellular neutral lipase capable of hydrolyzing tris and dis and monos
and other lipid and water soluble substarates
where does hormone sensitve lipase occur
in adipocyte
what is the function of the hormone senstive lipase
hydrolyzies varies intracellular triglycerides inside the adipoicy
what inhibits the hormone senstive lipase
insulin
which lipase hydrolyzes extrcellalar tri
lipoprotein lipse
which lipase hydrolysis intracelluar tris
hormone sensitve lipase
whcih lipase ocurs in the adipocytes
hormone sensitive
which lipase occurs in lipoporteins
lipoprotein lipase
what do the capilaries of the adipocyte carry
chylomicrons
where are chylomicrons built
near small intensine, go to lymph, vein then pumped to capilaries of adipocyte
where are fats being taken up etracellularly
taking up by chylomicrons which are numerous in small intensite circulation
what is the fucntion of chylomicrons
transport the long chain fats and glycerol to the rest of the body since the fats cannot mix with plasma and blood on their own
what is considered the transporter of fats
chylomicrons
can the extracellular glycerol and fatty acid travel through ciruclation without assitance
no it needs chylomicrons
where is the lipoportein lipase bound to
inner lining of the endotheolial cell (in the adipocyte(
explain how lipoprotein lipase work
Lipoproteins that are bound to the enthelial lining of the adipocyte will attach to chylomicrons in circulation and let some tris escape
the lipase binds to the tryglyceride and breaks it down into a free fatty acid and the glycerol back bone which allows the long chain to enter the adipocyte while the glycrol can dissipate
once the long chain fatty acids are int he adipocyte cell they will regoup with glycerol to be stored
=large quantity of tris in the adipocytes
true or false: once in the adipocyte, the free fatty acids will regroup witth glycerol for storage
yes
do chylomicrons only deposit the long chain fatty acids to hte adicopycte xells
no
they can also deposit it to heart cells and msucle cells
what is the transporter of tris
chylomicrons
what protein is responsbible for breaking dow nthe tris from the chylo microns (extracellular)
lipoprotein lipases
true or false: the hormone sensitive lipase is not already in the adipocyte tisse
false it is
which lipase is respobsibke for aa second messenger effect
hormone senstive lipase
explain the activation of the hormone senstive lipase
1) Hormone goes to hormone receptor on cell membrane
2) chemical cascade of effetcs happen due to 2ND MESSENGER EFFECT
3) g protein activats adynyl cyclase
3) the 2nd messenger effect causes ATP to form cyclic AMP
4) cyclic AMAP will activate a kinase
5) the acitvated kinsase will activate the hormone sensitive lipase by phosporylating it
6) the lipase splits the trigleyceride
what is an example of the location of freef fatty acids in the hormone sensity example
the broken down free fatty acid can combine with albumin and be out through the circulation to otoehr parts of the body
what are the hormones that stimulate the hormone activated lipase
growth hormone, adreneline, nor adreneline, corticosteroids, thyroxine, acth, TSH
where does lipolysis occur
in the cytosol
