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258: Physiology > lecture 10: Lipid classifications, fatty acids, lipases, fat oxidation > Flashcards

lecture 10: Lipid classifications, fatty acids, lipases, fat oxidation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between omega 3 and omega 6 fatty acids

A

omega three has the first double bond on the 3rd carbin from the methyl end
omega six has the first double bond on the 6th carbin from the methyl end

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2
Q

how do you differenciatied saturated, monounast, polyunstatu

A

look at the presence og double bonds

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3
Q

H3C is the methyl or carboxyl end

A

methyl

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4
Q

COH is the carboxyl or methyl end

A

carboxyl

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5
Q

what is another name for the carboxyl end

A

alhpa end

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6
Q

what is another name for the metyl end

A

omega

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7
Q

true or false: omega 3 has postive effects pm cardiovascular but omega 6 has negatvie effects

A

false they both has postitve effetcs

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8
Q

what is an important omega 3 that is consumed the most

A

EPA

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9
Q

what is the chemical formula for EPA and the name

A

eicosapentanoic

C20:5: n-3

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10
Q

what is the chemical formula for DHA and the name

A

docosahexanoic

C22: 6n-3

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11
Q

what is the chemical formula for alpha linealic acid

A

ALA

C18: 3n-3

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12
Q

what are 2 imporatnt omega 6 and their formulas

A

AA/ARA: arachadonic acid C20:4n-6

LA: linoleic acid C18: 2n-6

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13
Q

which omega 3 has 5 double bonds

A

EPA

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14
Q

which omega 3 has 6 double bonds

A

DHAA

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15
Q

which omega 3 has 3 double bondd

A

ALA

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16
Q

whcih omega 6 has 4 double bonds

A

aracadonic

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17
Q

which omega 6 has 2 doubl bonds

A

linoleic acid

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18
Q

omega 3 and 6 have benefits on hormone regulation

A

false

on CV benefits

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19
Q

what does PUFA

A

poly unsaturated fatty acids

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20
Q

which types of fatty acids have the most healthy benefits

A

omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids

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21
Q

what are the CV in terms of vascular structure

A

decrease atherogenesis
decrease arterial stiffniss
decrease vascular smooth muscle cells
maintain intima media thickness

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22
Q

what is atherogenesis

A

build up of plaque (from fatty acids, chrolesterol) which causes the derodation of inner lining and can block blood flow

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23
Q

what is arterior stiff mness

A

with CV problems, the arterior walls can become hardened which impedes blood flow

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24
Q

is having more or less vascular smooth cells better

A

having less

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25
Q

what are the benefits in vascular function from omega 3

A

decrease in endothelial disfunction (releases nitrous oxide)
decrease in oxidative stress (most likely due to helping antioxidants)
decreae in inflammation

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26
Q

what is another name for a triglyceride

A

triacylglyceride

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27
Q

have many crbons are in the glycerol

A

3 carbon

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28
Q

glycerol serves as teh BLANK for tris

A

as the backbonw

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29
Q

what is a trigluceride

A

glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids joinnng by ester bonds/linkages

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30
Q

true or false: the fatty acids that compose the tri have no effect on the properties of it

A

false

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31
Q

true or false: you can have different types of fatty acids making up the 3 fatty acids

A

true

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32
Q

fats have FA with more of less double bonds

A

fewer

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33
Q

oilds have FA with more or less double bonds

A

more

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34
Q

oils are saturated or unsaturated

A

unsaturated

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35
Q

fats are saturate or unsaturated

A

saturated

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36
Q

what is the function of the glycerold

A

allows the different fatty acid tails to attach

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37
Q

how is the tryglycerid formed

A

the glycerol binds with the 3 fatty acids (carbon attaches the the oxygen) by forming 3 water molecules and 3 ester linkages

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38
Q

what types of bonds are important in formation of tris

A

ester bonds

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39
Q

what is a triasterin

A

it is a triclygcerid composed of 3 steric acids and a gylcerol

40
Q

what happens when one long chain FA leaves the glycerol back bone

A

left with glycerol and 2 fatty acids

DIGLYCERIDE

41
Q

what happens when 2 long chain FA leaves the glycerol backbone

A

left with glycerol and one long chain FA

MONOglyceride

42
Q

true or false: FAs of a triglkycerids can only be coprised of saturaed FA

A

false

they can be saturated, mono or ploy

43
Q

steric acid is…

A

saturated

44
Q

oleate is…

A

mono unsaturated

45
Q

linoleate is…

A

poly unsaturated

46
Q

whenn you bond the glycerol to the 3 acids and form water, what type of reaction occurs

A

condensation reaction

47
Q

what is the function of a triglyceride

A

allows us to store these LONG chain fatty acids in our cells

48
Q

true or false: phosphos contain only hydrophillic heads

A

false

they also contain hydrophobic tails

49
Q

do phosphlipids contain a fatty acid component

A

yes

50
Q

what makes of the tails of a phosholipid

A

the fatty acids

51
Q

the tails of a phosphlipid are considered non polar or polar and why

A

non polar since they are hydrophobic

52
Q

the head of the the phospholipid is polar or non polar and why

A

they are polar since they are hydrophillic

53
Q

phospohlipids are sentive to what

A

free radicals

easily degraded by phoshos

54
Q

what is an important fucntion opf phosplipids

A

make up the cell membrane

55
Q

polar heads of phophos are usually in contact with…

A

water or soluble items like blood

56
Q

what affects what type of phospholid it will be

A

the polar head that is attached to the phosphate

57
Q

true or false: all phopohlipids have the same function

A

false

different fucntions according to the polar head

58
Q

what is important about the polar heads

A

they contain electral charges which will allow different compoents to bind to it (like hormones or receptor or proteins)

59
Q

what is an exmaple of an important phosphplipid

A

sphygomylin

60
Q

why is shyingomylin improntant

A

it is found in the cell membrane of myelin sheates of axons (in brain for example) which helps propogate action potentials

61
Q

what is the identifying feature of chroloestrol

A

composed of 4 fused carbon rings

62
Q

what is another name for the 4 rings of cholesterol

A

steroid nucleus

63
Q

what can be attacehdd to to cholesterols

A

hydrocarbon side chains

64
Q

give some examples of cholesterol basded substances

A

cortisol (imporant stim of gluconeogensis)
aldosterone
progesterone, estradiol, testostherone)

65
Q

what is the function of lipases

A

lay the backbone of the metabolism of fats

they are enzymes

66
Q

what are the 2 imporant enzymes for fat metabolism (lipases)

A

Lipoprotein lipase

hormone sensitive lipase

67
Q

what is the primary enxyme responsible for hydrolysis trigycelrides into free fatty acids

A

lipoprotein lipases

68
Q

where do you find the lipoprotein lipase

A

attached to luminal surface of endothelial cells in capiliaries of adipose tissue

69
Q

what is the general function of lipoprotein lipase

A

hydrolyszes the extracellular trigelyecires in lipoproteins

70
Q

what activates the lipoprotein lipase

A

INSULINE

71
Q

what is the hormone senstive lipase

A

intracellular neutral lipase capable of hydrolyzing tris and dis and monos
and other lipid and water soluble substarates

72
Q

where does hormone sensitve lipase occur

A

in adipocyte

73
Q

what is the function of the hormone senstive lipase

A

hydrolyzies varies intracellular triglycerides inside the adipoicy

74
Q

what inhibits the hormone senstive lipase

A

insulin

75
Q

which lipase hydrolyzes extrcellalar tri

A

lipoprotein lipse

76
Q

which lipase hydrolysis intracelluar tris

A

hormone sensitve lipase

77
Q

whcih lipase ocurs in the adipocytes

A

hormone sensitive

78
Q

which lipase occurs in lipoporteins

A

lipoprotein lipase

79
Q

what do the capilaries of the adipocyte carry

A

chylomicrons

80
Q

where are chylomicrons built

A

near small intensine, go to lymph, vein then pumped to capilaries of adipocyte

81
Q

where are fats being taken up etracellularly

A

taking up by chylomicrons which are numerous in small intensite circulation

82
Q

what is the fucntion of chylomicrons

A

transport the long chain fats and glycerol to the rest of the body since the fats cannot mix with plasma and blood on their own

83
Q

what is considered the transporter of fats

A

chylomicrons

84
Q

can the extracellular glycerol and fatty acid travel through ciruclation without assitance

A

no it needs chylomicrons

85
Q

where is the lipoportein lipase bound to

A

inner lining of the endotheolial cell (in the adipocyte(

86
Q

explain how lipoprotein lipase work

A

Lipoproteins that are bound to the enthelial lining of the adipocyte will attach to chylomicrons in circulation and let some tris escape

the lipase binds to the tryglyceride and breaks it down into a free fatty acid and the glycerol back bone which allows the long chain to enter the adipocyte while the glycrol can dissipate

once the long chain fatty acids are int he adipocyte cell they will regoup with glycerol to be stored
=large quantity of tris in the adipocytes

87
Q

true or false: once in the adipocyte, the free fatty acids will regroup witth glycerol for storage

A

yes

88
Q

do chylomicrons only deposit the long chain fatty acids to hte adicopycte xells

A

no

they can also deposit it to heart cells and msucle cells

89
Q

what is the transporter of tris

A

chylomicrons

90
Q

what protein is responsbible for breaking dow nthe tris from the chylo microns (extracellular)

A

lipoprotein lipases

91
Q

true or false: the hormone sensitive lipase is not already in the adipocyte tisse

A

false it is

92
Q

which lipase is respobsibke for aa second messenger effect

A

hormone senstive lipase

93
Q

explain the activation of the hormone senstive lipase

A

1) Hormone goes to hormone receptor on cell membrane
2) chemical cascade of effetcs happen due to 2ND MESSENGER EFFECT
3) g protein activats adynyl cyclase
3) the 2nd messenger effect causes ATP to form cyclic AMP
4) cyclic AMAP will activate a kinase
5) the acitvated kinsase will activate the hormone sensitive lipase by phosporylating it
6) the lipase splits the trigleyceride

94
Q

what is an example of the location of freef fatty acids in the hormone sensity example

A

the broken down free fatty acid can combine with albumin and be out through the circulation to otoehr parts of the body

95
Q

what are the hormones that stimulate the hormone activated lipase

A

growth hormone, adreneline, nor adreneline, corticosteroids, thyroxine, acth, TSH

96
Q

where does lipolysis occur

A

in the cytosol

258: Physiology (25 decks)

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