lecture 12: ketone bodies, diabetic ketoacidosis Flashcards
how can you form a ketone body in terms of acetyl coa
when acetyl coa builds up in the cell, two of them can bind and create a ketone
how are ketone bodies rpoduced
by 2 acetyl coas
how can you form a ketone body in terms of acetyl coa
when acetyl coa builds up in the cell, two of them can bind and create a ketone
how can you get an accumulation of acetyl coa
1) increase beta ozidation which creates alot of acetyl coas which will back up the kreb cycle
2) increase gluconeogenesis
why is the accumulatiin of ketone bodies bad
you can develop ketogeneis which will acidify your blood
what are the conditions in which you will form ketone bodies
prolongued period of starvation and fastine
type 2 diabetes
where does ketone synthesis occur
in the mitchondria of the liver
how does fatty acid oxidation effect formation of ketone bodies
during starvation, body will break down its fatty acid stores throug hbeta oxdation therefore will make a lot of acetyl coa but the kreb cycle will not be able to process it very fast so accumulation of acetyl will happen which will cause ketone body fromation
how does glucoenogeneis affect keton body formation
since you are in starvation, glucose levels need to be maintained in the blood (even without a source of glucose) therefore oxalo will bind with pyruvate and go up to form glucose but without oxalo there is nothing to bind with the acetyl coa’s therefore you will acculuate a pool (inhibits kreb)
how are ketone bodies rpoducedw
by 2 acetyl coas
what is the primarh ketone body
aceto acetate (aceto acidic acid)
what can aceto acetat be divided into
acetone an d 3 hydroxybutyrate (beta =)
do we often see accumulation of acetone in the body
no , usually the carbons from acetone bind and become co2 and get expried from the lungs
what are the secondary ketone bodies
acetone and beta hydrozybytarate
where are the enzymes for ketogenesis fromed
in the mitchodnrial matrix
what is the precorsor to ketogenesis
acetyl coa which is formed by oxidation of fatty acids, pyrvate and amoni acids
does lipolysis create an icnrease of decrease in ketone bodies
increase
by breaking down FFA (lipolyssi) you are able to form fatty acid synthesis (with acetyl)
true or false: ketones are completely bad
no, they can be taken up bny sketelatl muscle and used for atp synthesis
explain how ketone. bodies can be metabolized in the body
ketone bodys are foemed in the liver and can exot intp the ciruclation and go to mant of the bodies itissues (like sketelatl)
skeletal muscle can break down the ketone back to acetyl coa which can then enter the kreb cycle and be metavbolised for atp
what happens after lipoysis of tris
beta oxidation
true or false: in starvation you are depleted of all the oxaloacettate in the body since it is being used for gluconeogenesis
false
since gluconeogenisis only happens in the liver, it will only be depleted in tthe lvier
the skeletal msucles still have an abundant amount which allow you to continue the kreb cycle in the muscles
those who have type 1 diabetes do not have insuline defiency
false, they do
they must take exogenous srouces of insulin
what tissues can ue ketone for metablosk
heart
skeletal
brain
explain insuline definieiceny in type 1 diabetes and its effect on ketone bodies
Since there is no insulin, the brain senses we are not breaking down any glucose so tehre will be an increase in glucagon and epinephrin which will increase lipolysis and then there will be an elevatiton of fatty acids in the blood (moved by albumin) which can form alot of ketone bodies
what is the problem if ketones are travelling in the blood of a diabtetic
can travel through the blood dtream tot heart and brain and skeletal which will decrease the ph of the cells to the organs which can put you in a diabettic coma
explain thte effects of insuline on muslce, fat and glucagon
insulin deficient will cause a break down in fat (also glucagon and epinephrine will be secreted to break down fat even more) and these fatty acids. will then become ketons in the body and glycerol will go to glucose
at the same time glycogen is also being broken down due to stim of epinephrine and glucagon
furthermore, muscles will break down to form more aminos to be converted to glucose
==increase glucose concenrtration bencause insuline not present to take up the glucose
the ketones and glucose will be filtered through the kidneys and will fulter them out through urea
explain the 5 secquence of events from DKA
1) No insulin, glucoe cannot be taken up into the cell
2) Increase in glucoenogeneiss (lvier making glucose) because brain is getting signals that muscles are difficuent in glucose
3) As an alternative for energy, fats will begin to break down which will increase the concentration of ketones in the blood stream
4) ketones and excess gluocse will go to kidneys and be transfeered into urine (using a lot of water to dilute)
5) alot of water is being used so the person becomes dehydrated which will increase the ketone bodies
a decrease in insuline causes
1) increase in glycogenolysis
2) increase in glucogenesis
what are some stress hormones taht will affect glycogelocysis
glucagon, growth hormones, cortisol
catelcholine
