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SP2017 Micro Exam 3 > Lecture 5- Immunological tolerance > Flashcards

Lecture 5- Immunological tolerance Flashcards

1
Q

…. is a state of unresponsiveness for a particular antigen

A

immunological tolerance

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2
Q

Immunological tolerance is…., very specific and induced by… and includes tolerance to non-self antigen

A
  • LEARNED

- prior exposure to antigen

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3
Q

…. is the physiological state in which the immune system does not react destructively against self tissue

A

self tolerance

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4
Q

… occurs in generative lymphoid organs (bone marrow/thymus) involving immature self-reactive lymphocytes recognizing self antigen

A

central tolerance

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5
Q

…. occurs in peripheral sites involving mature self-reactive lymphocytes encountering self antigen

A

peripheral tolerance

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6
Q

tolerance can be… or …

A

natural (oral)

induced (immunization)

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7
Q

Immunological tolerance is NOT

A

simply a failure to recognize an antigen

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8
Q

Reactivity is prevented by processes that occur during…. rather than…

A
  • development

- being genetically pre-programmed

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9
Q

The most important aspect of tolerance is…

A

self tolerance

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10
Q

… selection occurs in the medullary region of the thymus and is mediated by … interactions with self antigen

A

Negative

high avidity

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11
Q

… selection and…. occurs in the cortical region of the thymus and is mediated by … interaction with self antigen

A

Positive
lineage commitment
low avidity

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12
Q

Those lymphocytes that do not bind MHC through their TCR are destined to

A

die by apoptosis

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13
Q

During maturation in thymus, most immature T cells that recognize antigens with high avidity are deleted. Some self-reactive … that see self antigen in the thymus are not deleted but instead…

A
  • CD4+ T cells

- differentiate into regulatory T cells

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14
Q

Choice between lymphocyte activation and tolerance is determined by:

A
  1. properties of antigens
  2. state of maturation of the Ag-specific lymphocytes
  3. types of stimuli received when these lymphocytes encounter self antigens
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15
Q

Recognition of self antigen in central tolerance can lead to….
(3)

A
  1. apoptosis
  2. change in receptors (receptor editing; B cells)
  3. Development of regulatory T lymphocytes (CD4+ only)
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16
Q

Recognition of self antigen in peripheral tolerance can lead to….(3)

A
  1. anergy
  2. apoptosis
  3. suppression
    or ignorance?
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17
Q

Central tolerance in B cells occurs in … in the …

Potentially autoreactive cells can be… or… by contact with self antigen

A
  • immature B cells
  • bone marrow
  • eliminated
  • inactivated
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18
Q

… and… of the self antigen determine fate of B cells

A

Nature and concentration

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19
Q

Fate of B cells with a multivalent Ag

A

B cell death

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20
Q

Fate of B cells with high concentrations of Ag

A

B cell death

21
Q

Fate of B cells with low concentrations of small, soluble self Ag

A

B cell anergy

22
Q

Ways immune regulation can maintain state of tolerance:

  1. … inhibits functions of APCs (IL-12 secretion, B7 expression)
  2. … inhibits T cell proliferation
  3. …. inhibits action of IFN-y
  4. ….inhibit macrophage activation
A

IL-10
TGF-beta
IL-4
IL-10 and TGF-beta

23
Q

oral administration of Ag favors…. induction and there is a state of…. following oral administration of an antigen

A

tolerance

hyporesponsiveness

24
Q

Autoimmunity results when… and.. is broken

A

central and peripheral tolerance

25
Q

7 factors that can predispose an individual to various autoimmune diseases

A 
MHC associations
familial concordance
gender
climate
chemical agents
infectious agents
immune dysregulation
26
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is typically more aggressive in…

A

females

27
Q

Multiple sclerosis can differ in … between females and males

A

clinical course

28
Q

Females with MS tend to have a ….. disease course

A

relapsing-remitting

29
Q

Males with MS tend to have a …. disease course

A

chronic progressive

30
Q

2 categories of autoimmune disease

A

systemic and organ specific

31
Q

Systemic autoimmune disease is thought to be due to ….

A

aberrant regulation of many clones of lymphocytes

32
Q

Organ specific autoimmune disease is thought to be due to …

A

failure of self tolerance in only a few clones of cells which react to a limited number of antigens

33
Q

What initiates an autoimmune response?

  1. incomplete….
  2. aberrant stimulation of…
  3. altered regulation of…
A
  1. incomplete deltion of self reactive cells
  2. aberrant stimulation of “normally” anergic self reactive cells
  3. altered regulation of anergic self reactive cells
34
Q

… is an autoimmune disease where the immune system targets CNS via myelin specific T cells

A

MS

35
Q

…. is a systemic autoimmune disease in which a variety of autoantibodies (DNA, nucleoproteins, platelets, lymphocytes) can cause multisystem damage

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematous

36
Q

…. can result in a butterfly rach, pleural effusions, heart problems, lupus nephritis, arthritis, raynauds pehnomenon

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematous

37
Q

2 common systemic autoimmune diseases

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE)

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

38
Q

2 common organ specific autoimmune disease

A

Insulin dependent diabetes melitus (IDDM)

Multiple Sclerosis

39
Q

SLE: increased risk associated with?

A

HLA DR2

HLA DR3

40
Q

SLE: female/male predominance

A

10:1

41
Q

Symptoms of SLE

A 
fatigue
fever
alopecia
mucosal ulceration
butterfly rash
joint and muscle pain
42
Q

Onset age of SLE

A

15-25

43
Q

SLE can have serious complications of the…. (4)

A

heart
lungs
kidney
CNS

44
Q

MS: Increased rick associate with?

A

HLA DR2

45
Q

Female/male predominace of MS

A

3:2

46
Q

Typical onset age of MS

A

women: childbearing age
men: >40

47
Q

Symptoms of MS

A
  • impaired vision
  • ataxia
  • spasticity
  • bladder dysfxn
  • weakness/paralysis of limbs
  • temperature sensitivity
  • cognitive impairment
48
Q

MS treatments

A
  • immunomodulatory drugs
  • corticosteroids
  • immunosuppressive therapy

SP2017 Micro Exam 3 (8 decks)

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