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SP2017 Micro Exam 3 > Lecture 3- cytokines and chemokines > Flashcards

Lecture 3- cytokines and chemokines Flashcards

1
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IFN-y

A

both

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2
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-12

A

innate

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3
Q

Innate or adaptive?

TNF-alpha

A

innate

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4
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-1

A

innate

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5
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-6

A

innate

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6
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-10

A

innate

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7
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-2

A

adaptive (th1 and th2)

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8
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-4

A

adaptive

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9
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-5

A

adaptive

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10
Q

Innate or adaptive?

IL-13

A

adaptive (th2)

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11
Q

Innate or adaptive?

TGF-beta

A

adaptive (th2)

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12
Q

TNF-alpha is the principle mediator of … to…

A

acute inflammatory response

gram negative bacteria

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13
Q

Primary sources of TNF-alpha are

A

monocytes, macrophages, NK, DC and T cells

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14
Q

TNF-alpha stimulates recruitment of….. to site of infection

A

neutrophils, monocytes and activated T cells

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15
Q

TNF-alpha increases the expression of …

A

E and P selectin
and
VACM-1 and ICAM-1

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16
Q

High concentrations of TNF-alpha, approx >… in blood plasma can cause…

A
  • 100 nM
  • reduction of muscle contractions, leads to hypotension
  • immune cells are sticky leading to blood clots in circulation
  • glucose release from liver becomes depleted
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17
Q

TNF-alpha can have both …. effects

A

beneficial and detrimental

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18
Q

Low concentrations of TNF-alpha in blood plasma, approx… can be…. and TNF-alpha will participate in… and…

A
  • 1nM
  • beneficial
  • cellular recruitment
  • activation of macrophages and T cells
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19
Q

Moderate concentrations of TNF-alpha in blood plasma, approx…. can have … effects but are often …. effects. These effects are…

A 
10-50 nM
systemic
beneficial
-acute phase proteins are increased
-migration of cells out of bone marrow increased
-fever/ sickness occurs
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20
Q

IL-1 is part of the …. immunity and has two forms…. which share… but have same biological function

A

innate
IL-1a and IL1b
only 30% homology

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21
Q

Many cells produce IL-1 but…. are primary producers

A

mononuclear phagocytes (monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells) and neutrophils

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22
Q

IL-1 share similar effects with…

A

TNF-alpha

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23
Q

IL-6 is part of the… immunity and is primarily produced by…. it is involved in with…. but primarily involved with…

A
  • innate
  • macrophages and T cells
  • induction of inflammatory response (similar effects to TNF-alpha and IL-1
  • induction of acute response phase
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24
Q

Bacteria induce macrophages to produce IL-6 which acts on hepatocytes to induce…. such as…. which both will… and…

A
  • synthesis of acute phase proteins
  • CRP and MBP
  • bind to bacteria to opsonize and activate complement system
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25
Q

During sickness, what causes you to be sick and what is suppressed, stimulates, altered

A

IL-1 and IL-6

stimulated: mmune response, fever, sleep, HPA axis, SNS
suppressed: libido, appetite
altered: mood

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26
Q

IL-12 is the primary mediator of…. to…

and is also important for generation of …. that would be appropriate for…

A
  • innate immune response
  • intracellular pathogens
  • adaptive immune response
  • intracellular pathogens (T helper cell type 1 immunity(Th1))
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27
Q

IL-12 is important for the ….but does NOT directly do this. IL-12 induces the production of….

A

activation of macrophages

IFN-y

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28
Q

IFN-y can be produced by…

A

NK cells
T helper cells
cytotoxic T cells

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29
Q

IL-12 induces the production of …

A

IFN-y

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30
Q

… induces the production of INF-y which activates macrophages

A

IL-12

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31
Q

Adaptive immune system cytokines involved with Th1 immunity are…

A

IFN-y and IL-2

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32
Q

Adaptive immune system cytokines involved with Th2 immunity are…

A

IL-4
IL-5
IL-13
IL-2

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33
Q

2 effects of the innate immune system

A

inflammation

macrophage activation

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34
Q

3 effects of the adaptive immune system

A

macrophage activation
antibody secretion; isotype switching
CTL differentiation

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35
Q

IL-2 is needed for…

A

growth, survival and differentiation of T cells

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36
Q

IL-2 is needed for BOTH…

A

T helper and cytotoxic T cells

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37
Q

… is IL-2 dependent

A

clonal expansion

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38
Q

IL-2 is produced by…

A

T helper cells (aka CD4+ cells)

39
Q

T helper type 1 cells (Th1) are most effective against intracellular pathogens and this type of immunity involves:
… and… cells
… and…. cytokines

A

macrophages and cytotoxic T cells

IFN-y (and IL-2)

40
Q

T helper type 2 cells (Th2) are most effective against extracellular pathogens and this type of immunity involves:
…. cells
…cytokines

A

antibodies produced by B cells, mast cells and eosinophils

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 (and IL-2)

41
Q

Th1 immune reactions

A

macrophage activation

production of IgG

42
Q

Th2 immune reactions

A

mast cell, eosinophil activation
IgE production
“alternative” macrophage activation

43
Q

th1 or th2?

helminthic parasites

A

th2

44
Q

th1 role in disease

A

autoimmune disease

tissue damage assoc. with chronic infections

45
Q

th2 role in disease

A

allergic diseases

46
Q

… is the primary stimulus for Ig class switching to IgE

A

IL-4

47
Q

IL-4 is a key … cytokine

A

Th2

48
Q

IL-4 can induce naive T cells to….

A

differentiate into th2 cells (th cells that will produce more IL-4,5, or 13)

49
Q

Il-13 is very similar to… both functionally and structurally

A

IL-4

50
Q

Primary job of IL-13 is to

A

help induce Ig isotype switching to IgE

51
Q

IL-13 also stimulates…

A

mucous production in gut and lung

52
Q

IL-13 can also facilitate inflammation by increasing….

A

adhesion molecule and chemokine expression

53
Q

IL-5 primary job?

A

eosinophil differentiation, proliferation and activation

54
Q

eosinophils are necessary for protection against

A

parasites

55
Q

Allergy-induced asthma is heavily …. dependent because eosinophil degranulation causes….
Th2 cytokines also induce…

A

IL-5
airway constriction
mucous secretion in airways

56
Q

…. is an inhibitory cytokine

A

IL-10

57
Q

IL-10 is produced by…. and its primary function is to….

A
  • macrophages, dendritic cells, T helper cells

- inhibit production of IL-12 by activated macrophages

58
Q

Chemokines are… cytokines

A

chemotactic

59
Q

Chemokines are …, … proteins and the work primarily in …. or… manner

A

small, solubke

paracrine or endocrine

60
Q

Chemokines make up the … of cytokines

A

largest category (over 50 identified)

61
Q

Chemokines primary role is to regulate…

A

migration of cells to peripheral tissues or to lymph nodes

62
Q

Classification of chemokines is based on the number and location of

A

N-terminal cysteine residues

63
Q

There are … receptor families for cytokines and chemokines

A

5

64
Q

What are the 5 receptor families for cytokines and chemokines?

A
  1. Type 1 cytokine receptor
  2. Type 2 cytokine receptor
  3. TNF receptor family
  4. IL-1 receptor family
  5. 7 transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors
65
Q

Receptors all have at least 1 … and at least 1 …

A

extracellular binding domain

intracellular signaling domain

66
Q

What cytokines belong to the type 1 cytokine receptor family?

A 
receptors for:
IL-2
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-12
IL-13
67
Q

The type 1 cytokine receptor family signal via…

A

Jak-STAT cascades

68
Q

What cytokines belong to the type 2 cytokine receptor family?

A

Receptors for IFN-y and IL-10

69
Q

Type 2 cytokine receptor family have signals via…. and this is family is similar to type 1 except that…

A
  • Jak-STAT

- extracellular cytokine binding domain differ

70
Q

Receptor for TNF-alpha belongs to the… family where multiple signaling cascades can be induced which can lead to…. or…

A
  • TNF receptor superfamily

- transcription fator expression or apoptosis

71
Q

The IL-1 receptor family has similar signaling to ….

A

Toll-like receptors

72
Q

THe IL-1 receptor family has a conserved…. called the… that activates… which initiates the signaling cascade

A

cytosolic sequence
Toll-like/IL-1 receptor (Tir)
IRAK

73
Q

What belongs to the G-protein-coupled receptors?

A

all the chemokine receptors

74
Q

The 7 transmembrane G-protein coupled receptors have a 7 transmembrane receptor and signaling is via…. and the signaling cascade is…. and..

A

G-proteins

transient and rapid

75
Q

Cytokines are proteins secreted by cells that mediate …

A

functions of the immune system

76
Q

Cytokines are soluble proteins/glycoproteins and they regulate the ….. of the immune response and are necessary for…

A

intensity and duration

leukocyte activation

77
Q

Cellular sources of cytokines

A 
lymphocytes
monocytes/macrophages
all cells of innate immunity
all cells of adaptive immunity
other cells like edothelial and epithelial
78
Q

The term interleukin refers to the fact that many proteins are produced by … to act on…

But cytokine is preferred term because its most inclusive

A

one immune cell

neighboring cells

79
Q

Cytokines that attract cells are called

A

chemokines

80
Q

6 general properties of cytokines

A
  1. secretion is brief and self-limited
  2. action os pleitropic and redundant
  3. influence each other
  4. can act locally and systemically
  5. initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane bound receptors
  6. receptor ligation leads to gene expression which alters cellular function
81
Q

Cytokines released…. after challenge

A

hours

82
Q

General property 1: cytokine secretion is brief and self-limited:

… is unstable so expression of cytokines is transient

A

mRNA

83
Q

General property 2: cytokine action is pleotropic and redundant:

cytokines can act in….
cytokines can be …. to each other

A

synergy

antagonistic

84
Q

An example of cytokine pleotropism…

A

IL-4 causes IgE production AND Th2 differentiation

85
Q

An example of cytokine redundancy…

A

IL-2 and IL-4 lead to B cell proliferation

86
Q

An example of cytokine synergy

A

IFN-y and TNF together lead to increased expression of class I MHC molecules on many cell types

87
Q

An example of cytokine antagonism

A

IFN-y leads to macrophage activation

IL-10 inhibits macrophage activation

88
Q

General property 3: cytokines influence each other…

IL-12 induces the production of…. which leads to macrophage activation

A

IFN-y

89
Q

Which cytokines are proinflammatory

A 
TNF-a
IL-1a/b
IL-6
IL-12
IFN
90
Q

Which cytokines are anti-inflammatory

A

IL-10

TGF-beta

91
Q

IL-10 is part of…. immunity and it is made by…. and its function is to….

A
  • innate
  • dendritic, macrophages, T cells
  • inhibit production of IL-12 from activated macrophages
92
Q

… is the primary stimulus for Ig class switching to IgE, … also does this

A

IL-4

IL-13

93
Q

…. induce naive Th cells to differentiate to Th2 cells

A

IL-4

SP2017 Micro Exam 3 (8 decks)

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