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Human Motor Control > Lecture 5 development > Flashcards

Lecture 5 development Flashcards

1
Q

What is temperament?

A

Personality in adults is based on the big 5 but there is a lot of different theories for kids

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2
Q

Rothart Temperament

A

Constitutionally based individual differences in reactivity and self-regulation, influenced over time by heredity, maturation and experience.
–> It is constitutionally biologically based

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3
Q

Why is temperament biologically based?

A

Appears very early in life
Substantial heritability
Can be observed in animals

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4
Q

Regulation

A

Processes than regulate reactivity (early coping)

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5
Q

Reactivity

A

Responsiveness of underlying psychobiological processes, dispositions toward emotional, motor and orienting reactions

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6
Q

How can you measure reactivity and temperament?

A

You can measure the latency, intensity, peak rise time of an infants reaction.
–> How rapidly does she become fearful and frustrated
–> How rapidly does she approach a novel toy
–> How intense are these reactions

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7
Q

How can you measure regulation and temperament?

A

What and how well an infant does something to regulate reactivity?
–> How rapidly does she recover?
–> What does she do to regulate reactivity?

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8
Q

Using factor analysis you can structure temperament in any age group into three factors. What are they?

A

Negative Affectivity
Positive Affectivity/Surgency
Effortful Control.

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9
Q

What is negative affectivity?

A

The general tendency to experience negative emotions (reactivity)

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10
Q

Positive Affectivity / Surgency

A

Social orientation, combine motor control, positive emotion and sociabilit.

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11
Q

Effortful Control / Regulatory Capacity

A

Inhibitory control and attention focusing

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12
Q

Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale NBAS and Lab Tab are examples of what?

A

Observational studies to look at temperament in children

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13
Q

Rothbart Questionnaires are an example of

A

How we study temperament with questionnaires

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13
Q

Rothbart Questionnaires are an example of

A

How we study temperament with questionnaires

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14
Q

How does temperament predict personality?

A

Temperamental tendencies form building blocks that underlie the development of individual differences

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15
Q

How does temperament predict psychopathology?

A

Negative emotionality was most closely related to behavioural problems when regulatory capacity was low

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16
Q

How does temperament predict psychopathology?

A

Negative emotionality was most closely related to behavioural problems when regulatory capacity was low

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17
Q

How does negative emotionality predict health?

A

Related poor health outcomes through various pathways
–> However, it protects against injuries as they are more wary and vigilant to threat

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18
Q

How is surgency related to later health outcomes

A

Related to better health outcomes, but also associated with risk-taking and injuries

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19
Q

How is effortful control related to health?

A

Better health but not just because you are better at regulating lifestyle.

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20
Q

A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth and public safety

A

Followed a cohort of 1000 kids from birth
–> Measured physical health
–> Substance dependence
–> Finances
–> Criminal Offenses
At age 32
They also controlled for intelligence and SES

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21
Q

Is temperament stable?

A

Constitutionally based, but to some degree is shaped by the environment

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22
Q

What could some environmental factors be?

A

Prenatal teratogens.
–> Culture
–> Parenting
–> PPD

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23
Q

How is PPD related to infant fear trajectories ?

A

Depressive symptoms predict steeper increase in infant fearfulness over time.
–> Maternal fear was not predictive of fear!!!
–> High initial infant fear and steeper increases in fear predicted more toddler anxietyt

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24
Q

What was higher in USA infants compared to Dutch infants?

A

They were higher in negative affectivity
–> They had more fear and frustration etc

25
Q

What was higher in Dutch babies compared to US babies?

A

They had better regulatory capacity and soothability
–> They smiled and laughed more.

26
Q

How did low sensitive parents affect baby temperament?

A

It makes them have
–> Lower positive emotionality and effortful control
–> they had more negative affectivity and fearfullness

27
Q

What happens when the mother is low in cooperation and more controlling and interfering?

A

They have more negative affectivity
They had less effortful control

28
Q

At 6 weeks _____ can predict the ______ at 9 months

A

Temperament can predict the bonding at 9 months
–> So for example, if a baby has high negative affectivity at 6 weeks it can predict worse bonding at 9 months

29
Q

At 6 weeks _____ can predict the ______ at 9 months

A

Temperament can predict the bonding at 9 months
–> So for example, if a baby has high negative affectivity at 6 weeks it can predict worse bonding at 9 months

30
Q

They also found that the ____ at 1 week could predict_____ at 6 weeks

A

Bonding at 1 week could predict the temperament of the baby at 6 weeks

31
Q

They found that the _____ at 6 weeks did not predic the ______ at 9 months

A

Bonding at 6 weeks did not predict temperament at 9 months

32
Q

Some children make _______ work harder

A

Their parents !!!!!! Very important as it has varying difficulty for parents

33
Q

Fearfullness can elicit ____

A

More sensitivity

34
Q

Effortful control can elicit ___

A

More sensitivity and more cooperation

35
Q

How did negative affectivity in kids affect parents?

A

It lowers their cooperation but there are mixed results on sensitivity

36
Q

In a study, they looked at how negative affectivity affects parents. How did it?

A

At 12 months, it made the parents
–> less emotionally supportive
–> less cognitively stimulating
–> made them spank more

–> Other studies find that it increases sensitivity.

–> perhaps it relies on other factors such as education and income. May respond in a less sensitive way to a child high in negativity compared to mothers with more resources (More research needed!!!)

37
Q

Dual Risk Model / Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Low Parenting Quality coupled with high negative affectivity was seen as having two risks which would make for more problems

38
Q

What is the main criticism of the dual-stress model

A

It comes from an evolutionary standpoint.
–> If infants with more neg affectivity and less self-regulation are only more at risk then what use is the temperamental trait from an evolutionary perspective

39
Q

Differential Susceptibility Model

A

Similar to the Dual Stress Model.
–>The kids dont have a ‘difficult’ temperament per se but they have a more susceptible temperament and can be molded more easily.
–> Not at risk but allows them to adapt to an environment.
–> AFFECTED FOR BETTER AND FOR WORSE!!!
–> Compared to dandelions and orchids. Dandelions are more resilient. Orchids are more susceptible to either blossom or wilt

40
Q

Is there evidence for the differential susceptibility?

A

Some evidence for candidate genes

41
Q

Is it easier for babies to read parents emotions than those of strangers?

A

Could match with mother at 12 weeks but not the father.
–> Humans learn to read emotions of mother at 12 weeks, of strange women few weeks later, of father much later (probably because women express emotions more clearly)

42
Q

Is emotional temperament constant?

A

It is expected tha kids with extreme temperament at 4m will keep that at 9m and 24m

43
Q

What are some major gender differences in temperament

A

Boys have higher levels of surgency
Girls have higher effortful control

44
Q

Is differential susceptibility bimodally or normally distributed?

A

Normally, most people are not highly susceptible or not

45
Q

Is differential susceptibility domain specific?

A

It is more rule than exception

46
Q

How could attachment relate to later child outcomes?

A

Through internal working models such as cognitive framework with mental representations of understanding the world and others
–> If you are treated a certain way you may think this is how the world will work
–> Thought to develop around 3 years of age

47
Q

Secure children recall _______ while insecure children recall ____

A

Stories about sensitive mother-child interactions better
Rejecting stories better
–> If u read them a story, not about real-life situations.

48
Q

All attachment categories are strongly related to

A

Social competence in later life.

49
Q

Life history theory

A

In our life, we have trade-offs, such as allocating resources to certain things.
–> We have biological trade-offs such as growing up faster. Or putting your resources into one child or having another one.
–> These trade-offs depend on the context.
–> Safe/predictable environment –> Slow life history strategy such as late menarche or puberty, delayed reproduction. Greater investment in current offspring

–> Harsh environment with a higher probability of ones child dying before reproducing –> Fast life strategy such as early menarche

50
Q

How were insecure children biologically different?

A

They completed pubertal development ealier and had an earlier age of menarche compare to secure infants, even after factoring for age of menarche in the infants of mothers

51
Q

Insecure attachment is also linked to

A

Romantic Relationships
Intelligence/cognitive functioning
Academic Achievement
Risk behaviour

52
Q

What is central to attachment theory according to Bulby

A

That a sensitive caregiver is of fundamental importance to the development of a secure attachment bond

53
Q

What are the 4 parts of the Ainsworth sensitive scale

A

–> Awareness of signals (looking at a child’s face while changing a nappy)
–> An accurate interpretation of the signals (going into the babys POV, he is signalling he is not happy)
–> An appropriate response to them
–> A prompt response to them

54
Q

What else can affect attachment security?

A

Temperament especially negative affectivity is not proven to be a major contributor to attachment secuirty.

55
Q

Do children with autism, deafness or down syndrome affect attachment?

A

No!! the mother played a more important role

56
Q

Is there a difference in preterm infants and normal infants in attachment?

A

NO!! they are not at higher risk to develop an insecure attachment
–> Maternal behaviour is more affected by preterm birth rather than the actual birth of the child

57
Q

Is sensitivity important for attachment?

A

It is important but not the exclusive condition

58
Q

Why is attachment security less well accounted for by sensitivity than expected?

A

There may a difficulty in measuring sensitivity in the infant
–> Sensitivity is also variable throughout the day
–> Maternal sensitivity to distress situations was related to fewer behavioural problems and higher social competence.
–> Other important things such as skin to skin, encouraging exploration

59
Q

Maternal sensitivity to _____ is related to fewer problems?

A

distress but not to non-distress
–> What people do in times of stress may be important

Human Motor Control (10 decks)

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