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Human Motor Control > Development Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Development Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some ways to intervene for prenatal stress?

A

Mindfulness, psychoeducation, CBT, counseling

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2
Q

What did a study investigation prenatal stress find?

A

There was a 12 week course to help women with CBT.
–> The results were that there was lower cortisol in both the infant and the mother
–> But, higher reported stress in mothers

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3
Q

What are three types of interventions/prevention?

A

Indicated, Selective and Universal

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4
Q

Indicated

A

Focuses on mothers who display symptoms but dont fulfill the criteria for a full-blown disorder

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5
Q

Selective

A

Focuses on mothers who are high risk for developing a disorder

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6
Q

Universal

A

Focuses on everyone

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7
Q

What % of fathers report sympotoms of depression?

A

10-14%

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8
Q

What did Van den Boom 1994 study look at?

A

–> It was an intervention for lower class mothers with irritable babies.
–> They hypothesis was that difficult babies led to a decreased mother-infant interaction which leads to an insecure attachment and development
–> Can these negative outcomes be prevented
–> When should intervention happen? and what aspects of maternal behaviour should be improved

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9
Q

What were the risks in the Van den Boom study?

A

Being in a low class family and having an irritable baby.

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10
Q

How do mothers with less resources compare to those with more?

A

They may respond in a less sensitive way to a child high in negativity compared to richer mother but more research is needed

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11
Q

What did the pilot study for van den boom find?

A

That a negative spiral began after about 6 months
–> There was a lot of negative interactions but a lack of positive interactions

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12
Q

How did she make her intervention study? (Van den Boom)

A

100 irritable kids with lower-class mothers
–> 50 intervention and 50 control
–> The intervention 6-9 months with three home visits
–> The negative spiral began at 6 months
–> They did not do the strange situation test as this is only at 12 months of age and only did mother-infant interaction

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13
Q

What was the aim of the study?

A

To improve maternal sensitivity
–> Awareness of the signals
–> An accurate interpretation of them
(Train the mother’s attention, imitate, repeat, and wait)
–> An appropriate response to them
–> A prompt response to them
(Suggest responses and feedback effectiveness)

–> They also tried to foster positive interactions (play)

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14
Q

What were the effects of the intervention study?

A

At 9 months the mother was
–> More sensitive and showed more positive attention

–> The child had less negative behavior
–> More positive behavior
–> More self-soothing (self-regulation)
–> More exploration

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15
Q

What % of kids were insecurely attached in the control and intervention

A

Control –> 78%
Intervention –> 38%

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16
Q

What did the study show?

A

That less is more as it was low intensive and large effects

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17
Q

What’s the best intervention after multiple studies?

A

A moderate number of sessions
–> Clear-cut behavioral focus
–> Started 6 months after birth or later

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18
Q

Why was the Van den Boom have such a large effect size

A

Differential Susceptibility as all the babies were irritable

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19
Q

What % of new mothers have depression?

A

10-15%

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20
Q

What did Van Daesum 2008 look at ?

A

They looked at intervening with PDD mothers with video feedback training with infants ages 1-12 months
–> They randomly assigned 8-10 home visits
–> Each visit was 60-90 mins
–> The father was stimulated to support the mother

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21
Q

How did they tailor the training for the mothers with PDD (2008)

A

–Modeling (changing ways of interacting such as ways of holding the baby etc)
–> Cognitive restructuring (change the negative way of thinking)
–> Practical pedological support (sleeping and crying)

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22
Q

What were the results of the PDD 2008 study?

A

–> Mother infant interaction improved
–> Attachment security went up
–> Infant socio-emotional functioning went up too

23
Q

Do the effects last?

A

There was no long lasting effects
–> The only difference was that if there was a stressful life situation, the intervention group was better equipped to deal with the problem
–> One issue was that the mothers that improved most, did not go back for the follow up study the most.

24
Q

What was the prevalance of male PDD

A

7-9%

25
Q

How did they see if you can improve childcarer care

A

They did 5 by 2hr video feedback training

26
Q

What were the results of the caregiver intervention?

A

They scored higher on sensitivity, respect for autonomy, and verbal communication. There was a big effect size

27
Q

What is regulation?

A

It is an early coping mechanism for babies that allow them to regulate reactivity such as sucking a thumb

28
Q

Reactivity

A

The responsiveness of underlying psychobiological processes and dispositions toward emotional, motor and orienting reactions

29
Q

When is an infant excessively crying?

A

When they cry for
–> 3 hours a day
–> 3 days a week
–> For 3 consecutive weeks
(Difficult to soothe)

30
Q

How was the training given for caregiver training?

A

4 sessions
–> The people who had the lowest interaction levels at the start showed the biggest improvement
–> There was no development on stimulation or fostering positive peer interactions

31
Q

When does crying peakl?

A

It increases until around 6 weeks and then steadily decreases, this peak is universal

32
Q

What % of babies with excessive crying are diagnosed with a medical cause?

A

5%

33
Q

What is the Happiest Baby hypothesis?

A

Its based on mimicking conditions in the womb that will trigger a calming reflex.
–> It uses swaddling, shushing side/stomach positioning, swinging and jiggling and sucking as needed

34
Q

Does the THB intervention work?

A

There is not much evidence
–> The study had a high drop out rate, small sample and parents were not instructed

35
Q

What are some of the most common reasons women don’t receive treatment for prenatal anxiety and depression

A

–> Thinking its natural
–> They dont think they have severe enough feelings
–> Think they can fix it by themselves

36
Q

What were the findings of the midwife research

A

A midwife specifically asking a women whether she experiences bad feelings improve the chances she will self-disclose
–> For people who desired treatment, receiving referrals from midwives was the main facilitating factor for engaging in treatment

37
Q

What is a critiscim of attachment theory

A

That it is based on research carried out among people living in western lifestyles. May not have universal validity

38
Q

How does the mother feel about her baby in the video?

A

She cant think of anything worse than a clinging child. This may be because she tried not to need her own mother from a young age.
SHe feels the baby hates and doesnt need her

39
Q

What are the main fears of the father during pregnancy?

A

On how he is going to provide for the new baby
He also may feel he is losing his spouse

40
Q

What are the main fears of the father during pregnancy?

A

On how he is going to provide for the new baby
He also may feel he is losing his spouse

41
Q

How can heightened cortisol levels in the mother lead to heightened levels in the fetus?

A

They are directly transported across the placenta
It may lead to increased production of placental CRH which is related to fetal growth and size at birth

42
Q

Administration of exogenous dexamethasone or corticosterone to animal mothers is related to

A

Diminshed growth
–> Increased HPA axis reactivity
–> Glucose Intolerance

43
Q

Higher levels of maternal adrenaline during late pregnancy was related to

A

Lower infant soothability

44
Q

Higher levels of maternal noradrenaline was related to

A

Higher infant soothability and lower distress to novelty

45
Q

Enteric Nervous System

A

Controls your gut and spreads across the digestive tract

46
Q

How is the enteric nervous system and CNS connected

A

via the vagus nerve

47
Q

Where is serotonin made

A

80% is made in your gut

48
Q

Mice without a microbiome

A

Aren’t always more sensitive to stress.

49
Q

Telomeres

A

Have a role in maintenance of chromosomal integrity

50
Q

What forces are dominant on postnatal telomere length?

A

Environmental forces and prenatal stress predict shorter telomeres at birth.
–> Growing up in a deprived Romanian orphanages predicted shorter telomere length

51
Q

Why is there not more associations between maternal prenatal cortisol and infant outcomes?

A

Possible moderators not taken into account
–> The enzyme placental 11b-HSD2 metabolises cortisol

52
Q

Mothers with higher prenatal trait anxiety, state anxiety and depression were correlated

A

with less placental 11b-HSD2 expression in their genes

53
Q

Infants who excessively cried had

A

Lower diversity of gut bacteria
–> Less good
–> More bad
–> differences in bacteria were seen at 2 weeks

Human Motor Control (10 decks)

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