Lecture 2

Question 1

Elite players have

Answer 1

Extract important stimulus and information faster than beginners

Question 2

Elite basketball players can better predict when someone will score by

Answer 2

By looking at the fingers of people throwing

Question 3

There is ____ at every level in the brain and ___

Answer 3

Uncertainty and noise

Question 4

The sum of all the noise is

Answer 4

Uncertain behavior

Question 5

What did Bayes say?

Answer 5

That you need to combine prior knowledge with your sensory inputs to attain beliefs in the world.
–> Beliefs –> Prior Knowledge X Sensory input

Question 6

You can make bigger inference or beliefs when

Answer 6

When you multiply our sensory input with our prior knowledge

Question 7

Elite players will ____ with noise

Answer 7

Will have better control over the noise in their body and muscles

Question 8

Motor adaptation

Answer 8

Maintaining a skill

Question 9

If you learn the difference between two tactile stimuli

Answer 9

The more separation you will see in the somatosensory cortex

Question 10

Denovo Learning

Answer 10

Skill learning or learning a new skill

Question 11

Implicit adaptation is driven by

Answer 11

Sensory Prediciton Errors

Question 12

Explicit Compensation

Answer 12

is driven by overall task error

Question 13

Implicit Adapation is dependent on

Answer 13

The cerebellum

Question 14

Explicit Components

Answer 14

have pre-frontal and hippocampal dependencies

Question 15

Reinforcement learning

Answer 15

Learning from success and failure and involves the basal ganglia

Question 16

Forward models are

Answer 16

Networks in the brain that predict the sensory consequences of a given motor command in a given environment

–> Takes the motor commands and sends it to the brain to make sensory predictions

Question 17

Structural Learning

Answer 17

Involves acquiring knowledge of the way in which different tasks share similar properties
–> If you change playing with a tennis racket to a squash racquet you can rely on structural learning

Question 18

Parametric learning

Answer 18

Involves setting the particular parameters for a given task having identified the structure
–> Instead of structurally learning to always kick a ball in the left corner learn the parameters so you can kick it anywhere

Question 19

Savings

Answer 19

Relearning a skill you once learnt. When you relearn you do it faster

Question 20

Interference

Answer 20

Learning one task successfully can impede learning another task
–> Now that i mastered the forward stroke my back stroke is not impeded (retrograde interference)
–> I learned how to dribble but i tried learning something else and now my dribbling is getting worse (anterograde)

Question 21

Credit Assignment

Answer 21

Being able to allocate errors to the correct source, was it my body or environment

Question 22

Generalisation

Answer 22

How much can motor learning be expressed in conditions different than those in which it originally occured (from practice to performance conditions)

Question 23

Vestibular System

Answer 23

Detects head orientation in space, in our inner ear
–> Controls the muscles that move the eyes
–>Maintains upright body posture and balance

Question 24

Choking can be graphed with

Answer 24

An inverted U shape

Question 25

Twisters are a result of

Answer 25

A deficit in internal model computations, when sensory cancellation signals are not correctly computed

Question 26

In the primary motor cortex learning mechanisms depend on?

Answer 26

Synaptic plasticity and efficacy which are modulated by excitatory and inhibitory neuronal tracks

Question 27

M1 excitability can be measured with

Answer 27

A TMS over M1 to elicit MEPs in hand muscles