Lecture 5

Question 1

Measurement Error

Answer 1

Parallax (sight), Calibration, Zero, Damage, Limit of reading of the measurement device

Question 2

Types of Errors:

Answer 2

Gross (human), Systematic (Instrumental, environmental & observational), Random (caused by unknown disturbances)

Question 3

Significance Level

Answer 3

= alpha = error rate = probability of rejecting null hypothesis when it’s true

Question 4

P-value

Answer 4

Probability of obtaining an effect as extreme as the one in the sample data assuming the null hypothesis is true

Question 5

T1 Error

Answer 5

Study reveals a difference when there is no actual difference

Question 6

T2 Error

Answer 6

Study reveals no difference when there actually is one

Question 7

Bias

Answer 7

Factors that operate on a sample that make it unrepresentative of the population –> Large enough samples will eliminate unknown factors that cause bias

Question 8

Confirmation Bias

Answer 8

Finding what you’re looking for

Question 9

Recording Biases

Answer 9

Recall bias, only remember first or last things said

Question 10

Halo effect

Answer 10

Non-experimental variables affect experimental measures

Question 11

Social Desirability Bias

Answer 11

Participant selectively reports positive information to the experimenter

Question 12

Behavioural Bias

Answer 12

Expectency can cause participants to behave differently

Question 13

4 types of participant

Answer 13

Good, Bad, Faithful, Apprehensive

Question 14

Good Participant

Answer 14

Confirms experimenters hypothesis

Question 15

Bad Participant

Answer 15

Disconfirms Ha

Question 16

Faithful Participant

Answer 16

Follows instructions to the t

Question 17

Apprehensive Participant

Answer 17

Unusually concerned with experimenter’s evaluation of him/her

Question 18

Pygmalion Effect

Answer 18

Experimenter causes real changes in participants due to changes in his/her behavior during the experiment.

Question 19

Hawthorne Effect

Answer 19

Refers to any scenario in which participants alter their behavior because they’re being watched

Question 20

Halo Effect

Answer 20

Uncontrolled novelty of treatment (demonstrate sig improvements in the short term (8 months))

Question 21

Placebo effect

Answer 21

Spontaneous remission, non-specific effects & re-interpretation of ourcome measures

Question 22

Biosocial Experimenter cues

Answer 22

Age, sex & attractiveness –> for age & sex, can be determined by congruence, or it can be a constant effect

Question 23

Psychosocial Experimenter cues

Answer 23

Warmth, status, etc.

Question 24

Reducing Expectancy Effects

Answer 24

Standardize experimenter-participant interaction, use blinding techniques, use deception, convince participants that you can detect lying.

Question 25

Safeguards against misleading studies

Answer 25

Competition for funding, disseminated results in a peer reviewed journal & replication guards from T2 errors and invisible bias