Lecture 2

Question 1

General Research Objectives

Answer 1

1. Evolution of measurement tools 2. Descriptive (characterizing clinical disorders) 3. Exploratory (investigating relationships) 4. Comparative (Cause-effect relationships)

Question 2

Research Hypothesis

Answer 2

Or Ha (alternative) is what researchers expect the results to be.

Question 3

Null Hypothesis

Answer 3

Assumes nothing has happened, no relationship exists, or no change has occurred

Question 4

Premise

Answer 4

A statement that states your reasons

Question 5

Conclusion

Answer 5

Is a statement for which you are giving reasons

Question 6

Types of arguments

Answer 6

By example (or counter-example), by authority (sources), by analogy, by deduction

Question 7

Syllogistic Logic

Answer 7

Deductive reasoning based on 2 or more propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.

Question 8

Modus Ponens

Answer 8

Affirming the antecedent. A exists therefore B exists yet B exists therefore A exists is false.

Question 9

Modus Tollens

Answer 9

Denying the consequent. B doesn’t exist therefore A doesn’t either yet A doesn’t exist therefore B doesn’t is false.

Question 10

Arguments by induction

Answer 10

Attempts to generalize a conclusion to the universe based on a restricted set of observations (Specific –> General), used independently of empirical research, unlikely to generate new knowledge

Question 11

The principle of Falsifiability

Answer 11

Logically impossible to prove something is true, due to the fact one may find subsequent counter-examples

Question 12

Confirmation Bias

Answer 12

Untrained thinkers tend to seek evidence that confirms what they Believe to be true.

Question 13

PICO: Forming a question

Answer 13

Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome