Lecture 5-7 Flashcards
What principle is the cognition model based on? And what is it?
The cognitive mediation principle - it is not event per se, but how we interpret events that make us feel good or bad.
What is the premise of treatments based on operant conditioning?
Abnormal behaviors result from a faulty reinforcement history. And what can be learned can be un-learned.
What does the cognitive model assume?
Disordered cognition so cause psych. Disorders. And by changing these cognitions, the disorder can be alleviated.
Who came up with Rational emotive (behavior) therapy?
Albert Ellis
What is Ellis’s model?
Activating event, Belief system, Consequence. (ABC).
According to RET, what is at the core of mental disorders?
Absolutistic evaluations of events, ie. musts, shoulds, have-tos.
What is the RET casual sequence?
Biological tendency to think, absolutist demands (I must), derivatives (ex. awfulizing), emotional distress.
What is the RET treatment goal?
Switch client from “philosophy of musturbation” to a philosophy of desiring. Ex. Must to preference.
How does RET achieve its goals?
- Increase patients awareness of “musturbatory” techniques.
-Forcefully debate truth of irrational beliefs.
-okay to use radical interventions.
Ex. To use shame-attacking exercises.
What are four behavioral techniques used in CBT?
- Role rehearsal
- Skills training
- Problem solving
- Homework assignments
What does Beckian CBT do especially well?
Preventing relapse because client has learned skills and is able to identify irrational thinking.
What is the RET casual sequence after treatment?
Activating event, belief system, emotional consequence, dispute, new effect or philosophy. (ABCDE).
How effective is RET? And what are the criticisms?
- Good for mild-moderate anxiety, anger, shyness.
- Criticized for not reporting drop-out rates.
What is the Beckian casual sequence?
Negative childhood experience, negative schema (belief system), (activated by a negative life event), negative automatic thoughts, depressed mood.
What is the principle that Beck extended his model based on?
Cognitive specificity ie different mental disorders have different schema.
What is goal of Beck’s CBT treatment?
Cognitive restructuring - to change unrealistic schemes and negative automatic thoughts. Also, to get the client to think realistically.
How does Beck CBT achieve it goals?
Collaborative empiricism - work as scientific temp am with client by examining current evidence then acquiring new evidence, then get client to recognize logical errors. E.g. Selective abstraction, absolutist thinking.
Which therapy is growing the fastest?
CBT (24% of clinicians use it)
How can we tell two dxs are different from each other (5)?
Symptoms Etiology Responsiveness to treatment Course (how disorder unfolds) Prognosis
When was the first DSM created and why?
1952 to justify military discharges based on psychological issues.
What was the major turning point In the history of the DSM?
DSM 3:
- included more clear cut inclusionary criteria
- spelled out exclusionary criteria (can’t have if you have certain sxs)
- atheoretical (no attempt to specify etiology)
- multi-axial system
What was the purpose of the multi-axial system?
To provide broad range of information.
What is on the first axis?
Major clinical syndromes (except personality disorders).
What is on the second axis?
Personality Disorders (and mental disorders).
What is on axis three?
General Medical Conditions that can affect treatment or prognosis.
What is on axis four?
Environmental stressors. Lists of stressors that affect treatment and cause of problem. Prognosis: having these show a better prognosis, not having them could mean biological origin.
What is on axis five?
Global Assessment of Functioning (Scale). (1-100 scale).
How they are feeling:
-present time
-over the past year
How is the DSM-5 arranged in general?
Non-axial: categorical (symptoms-based) and dimensional (severity).
How is the DSM-5 arranged (specific)?
- Diagnosis
- Severity of illness (1-7 scale) (severity of illness rating scale)
- Additional information - “specifiers”
What is the Barnum Effect? And what factors affect a persons susceptibility.
Willingness of people to believe in vague statements.
- very general
- tailored for “you”
- favorable interpretations
- mysteriousness of assessment
What are six reasons to assess?
- Mental status
- Personality dynamics (etiology)
- Determine if tx was effective
- Forensic assessment
- Determine which, if any mental dx exists.
- Brain damage
What is interrater validity?
The extent to which clinicians agree In the diagnosis they give.
