Lecture 5-7

Question 0

What principle is the cognition model based on? And what is it?

Answer 0

The cognitive mediation principle - it is not event per se, but how we interpret events that make us feel good or bad.

Question 1

What is the premise of treatments based on operant conditioning?

Answer 1

Abnormal behaviors result from a faulty reinforcement history. And what can be learned can be un-learned.

Question 2

What does the cognitive model assume?

Answer 2

Disordered cognition so cause psych. Disorders. And by changing these cognitions, the disorder can be alleviated.

Question 3

Who came up with Rational emotive (behavior) therapy?

Answer 3

Albert Ellis

Question 4

What is Ellis’s model?

Answer 4

Activating event, Belief system, Consequence. (ABC).

Question 5

According to RET, what is at the core of mental disorders?

Answer 5

Absolutistic evaluations of events, ie. musts, shoulds, have-tos.

Question 6

What is the RET casual sequence?

Answer 6

Biological tendency to think, absolutist demands (I must), derivatives (ex. awfulizing), emotional distress.

Question 7

What is the RET treatment goal?

Answer 7

Switch client from “philosophy of musturbation” to a philosophy of desiring. Ex. Must to preference.

Question 8

How does RET achieve its goals?

Answer 8

1. Increase patients awareness of “musturbatory” techniques.
   -Forcefully debate truth of irrational beliefs.
   -okay to use radical interventions.
   Ex. To use shame-attacking exercises.

Question 9

What are four behavioral techniques used in CBT?

Answer 9

1. Role rehearsal
2. Skills training
3. Problem solving
4. Homework assignments

Question 10

What does Beckian CBT do especially well?

Answer 10

Preventing relapse because client has learned skills and is able to identify irrational thinking.

Question 11

What is the RET casual sequence after treatment?

Answer 11

Activating event, belief system, emotional consequence, dispute, new effect or philosophy. (ABCDE).

Question 12

How effective is RET? And what are the criticisms?

Answer 12

• Good for mild-moderate anxiety, anger, shyness.

- Criticized for not reporting drop-out rates.

Question 13

What is the Beckian casual sequence?

Answer 13

Negative childhood experience, negative schema (belief system), (activated by a negative life event), negative automatic thoughts, depressed mood.

Question 14

What is the principle that Beck extended his model based on?

Answer 14

Cognitive specificity ie different mental disorders have different schema.

Question 15

What is goal of Beck’s CBT treatment?

Answer 15

Cognitive restructuring - to change unrealistic schemes and negative automatic thoughts. Also, to get the client to think realistically.

Question 16

How does Beck CBT achieve it goals?

Answer 16

Collaborative empiricism - work as scientific temp am with client by examining current evidence then acquiring new evidence, then get client to recognize logical errors. E.g. Selective abstraction, absolutist thinking.

Question 17

Which therapy is growing the fastest?

Answer 17

CBT (24% of clinicians use it)

Question 18

How can we tell two dxs are different from each other (5)?

Answer 18

Symptoms
Etiology
Responsiveness to treatment
Course (how disorder unfolds)
Prognosis

Question 19

When was the first DSM created and why?

Answer 19

1952 to justify military discharges based on psychological issues.

Question 20

What was the major turning point In the history of the DSM?

Answer 20

DSM 3:

• included more clear cut inclusionary criteria
• spelled out exclusionary criteria (can’t have if you have certain sxs)
• atheoretical (no attempt to specify etiology)
• multi-axial system

Question 21

What was the purpose of the multi-axial system?

Answer 21

To provide broad range of information.

Question 22

What is on the first axis?

Answer 22

Major clinical syndromes (except personality disorders).

Question 23

What is on the second axis?

Answer 23

Personality Disorders (and mental disorders).

Question 24

What is on axis three?

Answer 24

General Medical Conditions that can affect treatment or prognosis.

Question 25

What is on axis four?

Answer 25

Environmental stressors. Lists of stressors that affect treatment and cause of problem. Prognosis: having these show a better prognosis, not having them could mean biological origin.

Question 26

What is on axis five?

Answer 26

Global Assessment of Functioning (Scale). (1-100 scale).
How they are feeling:
-present time
-over the past year

Question 27

How is the DSM-5 arranged in general?

Answer 27

Non-axial: categorical (symptoms-based) and dimensional (severity).

Question 28

How is the DSM-5 arranged (specific)?

Answer 28

• Diagnosis
• Severity of illness (1-7 scale) (severity of illness rating scale)
• Additional information - “specifiers”

Question 29

What is the Barnum Effect? And what factors affect a persons susceptibility.

Answer 29

Willingness of people to believe in vague statements.

• very general
• tailored for “you”
• favorable interpretations
• mysteriousness of assessment

Question 30

What are six reasons to assess?

Answer 30

1. Mental status
2. Personality dynamics (etiology)
3. Determine if tx was effective
4. Forensic assessment
5. Determine which, if any mental dx exists.
6. Brain damage

Question 31

What is interrater validity?

Answer 31

The extent to which clinicians agree In the diagnosis they give.