Chapter Five: Part 1

Question 0

What is a manic episode?

Answer 0

Involves elated, irritable, or euphoric mood (mood that is extremely positive and may not necessarily be appropriate to the situation).

Question 1

In any year, how many Americans experience a mood disorder?

Answer 1

About 9%

Question 2

What is a hypomanic episode?

Answer 2

Involves elated, irritable, or euphoric mood that is less distressing or severe than mania and is different from the person’s non depressed state. That is, how a person behaves during a hypomanic episode is different from his or her usually state.

Question 3

What is typical depression?

Answer 3

Px. Develop insomnia, lose weight, and their poor mood persists throughout the day.

Question 4

What is atypical depression?

Answer 4

Px. Sleep more, gain weight, and their mood brightens in response to positive events.

Question 5

Define: Prodrome

Answer 5

Early symptoms of a disorder.

Question 6

What are the three types of mood disorder episodes?

Answer 6

1. Major depressive episode
2. Manic episode
3. Hypomanic episode

Question 7

What is the prevalence of MDD?

Answer 7

Approx. 10-25% of women, 5-12% of men develop MDD over their lifetime. Before puberty, the Rates are the same.
- ethnic, education, incomes, marital status a generally afflicted equally.

Question 8

Describe the comorbidity of MDD.

Answer 8

Most people with MDD also have an additional disorder, such as an anxiety or substance use disorder.

Question 9

Describe the onset of MDD

Answer 9

Can begin at any age, average onset is mid-20’s, although people are developing MDD at increasingly younger ages.

Question 10

Describe the course of MDD

Answer 10

• after 1 episode, approx 50-65% will have a 2nd.
• after 2, 70% chance of having third.
• after 3, 90% chance of having fourth.

Question 11

Describe the gender differences in MDD.

Answer 11

• women are approx. 2x likely as men to develop MDD.

- some women report depressive symptoms become more severe premenstually.

Question 12

If symptoms of major depression persist for a long period of time, the person may be diagnosed with… Specifically…

Answer 12

Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia). Specifically, chronic depression.

Question 13

Where have researches found unusually low activity in the brain of depressed people?

Answer 13

Part of the frontal lobe that has direct connections to the amygdala and to other brain areas involved in emotion.

Question 14

What’s a key role of the frontal lobe? What does this finding hint at for depressed people?

Answer 14

Regulating other brain areas and signals from it can inhibit activity in the amygdala.
- the depressed brain is not as able as the normal brain to regulate emotions.

Question 15

Lack of motivation has been linked to what in the brain?

Answer 15

Reduced activity in the frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 16

In reference to nt’s, depression is linked to what?

Answer 16

Dx arises in part from complex interactions among numerous nts and depends on how much of each is released into synapses, how long each nt lingers In synapses, and how the nt’s interact with receptors in other areas of the brain involved with sxs of depression.

Question 17

Describe the prevalence of dysthymia.

Answer 17

In a given year, 2% of Americans have dysthymia.

Question 18

Describe the comorbidity of dysthymia.

Answer 18

Compared to MDD, those with dysthymia are more likely to have at least one other psych dx. Particular an anxiety or substance use dx.

Question 19

Describe the onset of dysthymia

Answer 19

Emerges earlier than MDD.

Question 20

Describe the course of dysthymia.

Answer 20

By its nature, chronic; symptoms are less likely to fully resolve than with an MDE.

Question 21

Describe the gender differences found with dysthymia.

Answer 21

Boys/girls are equal.

- in adulthood women are 2 to 3 times more likely than men to develop dysthymia.

Question 22

The stress-Diathesis model of depression focuses on what part of brain?

Answer 22

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis)

Question 23

What does the HPA axis do?

Answer 23

Governs the production of the hormone cortisol, which is secreted when stressed is experienced.

Question 24

According to the stress-Diathesis model, people w/ depression have..

Answer 24

Excess cortisol in their blood which makes the brain more prone to overreacting when experiencing stress. Stress in turn, alters serotonin and norepinephrine systems.

Question 25

Stress affects the symptoms of depression in part because…

Answer 25

Stress alters the levels of cortisol which in turn impairs the functioning of the hippocampus.

Question 26

How do genetics play into developing depression?

Answer 26

If one identical twin has depression, the other has 4x chance higher than dizygotic twins.
- might influence how a person responds to stressful events.

Question 27

What psychological factors play into depression?

Answer 27

• Attentional biases
• Dysfunctional thoughts
• Rumination and Attribution style
• Learned helplessness

Question 28

What did beck think was the root cause depression?

Answer 28

Cognitive Distortions.

• They tend it have overly negative views about
  1. The world
  2. The self
  3. The future (cognitive triad).

Question 29

How does rumination contribute to depression?

Answer 29

Ruminations - while experiencing negative emotions some people reflect on these emotions and the events that led to them. Has been linked to depression.

Question 30

How does attributional style contribute to depression?

Answer 30

Px with Depression consistently attribute neg. events to their own qualities - called an internal attributional style. Are more likely to become depressed.

Question 31

What three factors make up a neg. attributional style?

Answer 31

Internal, stable, global factors. Those who make consistently stable and global attributions for neg. events whether internal or external, are more likely to feel hopeless in the face of neg events.