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BioChem > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

7 functions of nucleotides and nucleic acids

A

Energy for metabolism (ATP), enzyme cofactor (NAD+), signal transduction (cAMP), storage of genetic info (DNA), transmission of genetic info (mRNA), catalysis (ribozymes), and protein synthesis (tRNA and rRNA).

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2
Q

Nucleotide composition

A

nitrogenous base, pentose, and phosphate moiety

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3
Q

Nucleoside composition

A

nitrogenous base and pentose

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4
Q

DNA runs in which direction

A

5’ to 3’

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5
Q

Ribose vs deoxyribose position

A

Ribose: OH in 2’ carbon
Deoxyribose: H in 2’ carbon

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6
Q

Phosphate moiety is attached to which carbon

A

5’ Carbon

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7
Q

Where does the nitrogenous base attach?

A

1’ carbon

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8
Q

Another name for the 1’ Carbon on a pentose

A

anomeric carbon

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9
Q

Beta designation

A

5’ moiety and 1’ base are in the same plane, either both above or both below

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10
Q

Alpha designation

A

5’ moiety and 1’ base are in opposite planes

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11
Q

NMP

A

Nucleo monophosphate

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12
Q

NDP

A

Nucleo diphosphate

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13
Q

NTP

A

Nucleo triphosphate

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14
Q

D designation

A

If the OH goes to the right on the most distal carbon in a fischer projection

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15
Q

L designation

A

If the OH goes to the left on the most distal carbon in a fischer projection

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16
Q

Fischer projection bond directions - horizontal vs vertical

A

horizontal - coming out of the page

vertical - going into the page

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17
Q

Heteroaromatic molecules

A

multiple different bases are present in the composition of the ring structure

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18
Q

Nucleobases UV light absorption

A

250-270 nm

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19
Q

Pyrimidine bases

A

Cytosine (DNA), Thymine (DNA), and Uracil (RNA)

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20
Q

Purine bases

A

Adenine and guanine

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21
Q

Type of bond formed between the nitrogenous base and the anomeric carbon

A

N-glycosidic bond

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22
Q

Bond formed position in pyrimidines

A

N1

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23
Q

Bond formed position in purines

A

N9

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24
Q

Syn conformation

A

bulk of the nitrogenous base is over the sugar

25
Q

Anti conformation

A

bulk of the nitrogenous base is not over the sugar and swung opposite

26
Q

Adenine’s nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside: adenosine
Nucleotide: adenylate

27
Q

Guanine’s nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside: guanosine
Nucleotide: guanylate

28
Q

Cytosine’s nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside: cytidine
Nucleotide: cytidylate

29
Q

Thymine’s nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside: Thymidine
Nucleotide: Thymidylate

30
Q

Uracil’s nucleoside and nucleotide

A

Nucleoside: Uridine
Nucleotide: Uridylate

31
Q

Common modification performed after DNA synthesis

A

methylation

32
Q

Epigenetic marker

A

way to mark own DNA to prevent degradation and also way to mark which genes should be active

33
Q

Inosine

A

sometimes found in the “wobble position” of the anticodon in tRNA. Deamination of adenosine. attaches at N9

34
Q

Pseudouridine

A

found in tRNA (stabilization) and rRNA (folding). Attaches where the methyl group would be in Uracil. Made from uridine by enzymatic isomerization after RNA synthesis. Attaches at C5

35
Q

type of bond formed in covalent bonds of polynucleotides

A

5’ to 3’ phosphodiester

36
Q

Why is RNA less stable than DNA

A

the 2’ OH makes it less stable under alkaline conditions

37
Q

A-T # of hydrogen bonds

A

2

38
Q

G-C # of hydrogen bonds

A

3

39
Q

of base pairs per DNA turn

A

10.5

40
Q

Replication of genetic code

A

strand separation which then serves as a template for a new strand. Synthesis is catalyzed by DNA polymerases and will have one daughter strand and one parent strand

41
Q

mRNA structural properties

A

Made of ribose. Single stranded. Polycistronic

42
Q

Monohybrid cross

A

cross differing in one characteristic

43
Q

F1

A

First filal generation. Shows the dominance

44
Q

F2

A

Second filal generation

45
Q

Phenotype

A

the physical characteristic or appearance

46
Q

Genotype

A

genetic make up of alleles

47
Q

Mendel’s 5 propositions

A

Hereditary determinants of particulate nature (genes); each adult pea has 2 particles for each character studied (alleles); Each particle segregates equally into the gametes; Each gamete carries only 1 particle (allele); and gametes can combine without regard to which particle is carried

48
Q

Mendel’s 1st Law

A

Each particle separates (segregates) equally into the gametes (egg and sperm)

49
Q

Allele

A

one of the different forms of a gene that can exist. Alleles differ in DNA base sequences

50
Q

Number of chromosomes

A

46 chromosomes per cell. 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes

51
Q

Chromosome

A

consists of one covalently connected DNA molecule and associated proteins

52
Q

Introns

A

Do not encode the polypeptide sequence and thus are removed

53
Q

Introns in bacterial chromosomes

A

interrupt mainly tRNA sequences

54
Q

Transposons

A

the fact that a DNA sequence is not completely static. Sequences can move around within a genome

55
Q

Percentage of the total genome that encodes proteins

A

1.5%

56
Q

Telomeres

A

Cap the ends of linear chromosomes

57
Q

Centromere

A

hold the sister chromatids together during mitosis.

58
Q

Hayflick limit

A

belief that human cells can divide about 52 times before the telomeres are shortened too much to allow further division.

59
Q

Nucleosomes

A

consist of DNA wrapped around positively charged histone proteins (His, Lys, Arg) since DNA backbone is negatively charged.

BioChem (14 decks)

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