Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BioChem > Lecture 10 > Flashcards

Lecture 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Two important characteristics of lipids

A

low solubility in water, and good solubility in nonpolar solvents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Glycerol backbone

A

Ch2-O-R
Ch-O-R
Ch2-O-R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are fatty acids attached to the glycerol backbone?

A

by an ester linkage or acyl linkage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is typically at the C1 position? At C2 position

A

C1: Saturated fatty acid
C2: Unsaturated fatty acid (double bond)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glycerolphospholipid

A

Glycerol backbone. Phosphate moiety attached at C3.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do lipases (seen in fungi) work?

A

Hydrolyze the lipid by hitting the carbonyl carbon and kicking off the glycerol portion of the fatty acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Steroid structure

A

tetracyclic steroid nucleus of 4 cyclical rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Steroids vs sterols

A

Steroids are derived from sterols. Sterols are more hydrophobic than steriods since steriods have polar groups that help give it polarity (lack an alkyl chain).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Isoprenoids

A

(terpenes) made from C5 building blocks. Make up pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Isoprenolation

A

posttranslational modification that can occur and allow a protein to be associated with the membrane (peripheral protein) or potentially reside in the membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Isoprenes C10, C15, C20, C30, C40, and >C40

A 
C10: monoterpene
C15: sequiterpene
C20:diterpene
C30:triterpene
C40: tetraterpene
>C40: polyterpene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Biological functions of lipids (4)

A

storage of energy, insulation from environment, water repellant, buoyancy control and acoustics in marine mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cellular functions of lipids (5)

A

membrane structure, cofactors for enzymes, signaling molecules, antioxidants, and pigments (isoprenes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What makes lipids a good form of insulation?

A

low thermal conductivity, high heat capacity (absorb heat), and mechanical protection (absorb shocks)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Vitamin K is a cofactor for what?

A

blood clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Coenzyme Q is a cofactor for what?

A

ATP synthesis in mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4 types of signaling molecules for lipids?

A

paracrine hormones (act locally), steroid hormones (act body-wide), growth factors, and vitamins A and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lipids that do not contain fatty acids

A

cholesterol and terpenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lipids that contain fatty acids

A

storage lipids and membrane lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Storage lipids

A

triacylglycerols. 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone by 3 acyl bonds (ester bonds). Fatty acids are usually 16-20 in length and can be either saturated or unsaturated. Found in adipocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Either main classes of membrane lipids

A

phopsholipids, glycolipids, and archaebacterial ether lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Two types of phospholipids

A

glycerophospholipids and shingolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

glycerophospholipids

A

type of membrane lipid that contains a phosphate moeity with a head group. C1 is typically saturated (16 or 18 long) and C2 is typically unsaturated.(18 or 20 long)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sphingolipids

A

type of membrane lipid that contains phosphate attached to a distal OH. Shingosine has its own built in tail. Fatty acid is attached to an amine to create an amide bond in the middle position.

25
Q

Glycosphingolipid

A

Member of the glycolipids. Fatty acid via an amide bond. Has either a mono or oligosaccharide attached. Found primarily in the outer face of plasma membranes

26
Q

Two types of glycolipids

A

glycosphingolipids and galactolipids (sulfolipids)

27
Q

Galactolipids

A

C1 and C2 have fatty acids attached via an acyl bond. Mono or disaccharide at C3 which has been sulfonated (SO4)

28
Q

Ether lipids

A

Have ether linkages instead of ester linkages. glycerol backbone with a phosphate attached at the C3. Diphytanyl attached at C1 and C2, and then attached to another glycerol - phopshate- glycerol

29
Q

Fatty acids composition

A

carboxylic acids with hydrocarbon chains containing from 4 to 36 carbons. Built from C2 building blocks.

30
Q

How do saturated fatty acids come together?

A

Entropy driven and the hydrophobic effect. Some van der Waals at play too.

31
Q

Monounsaturated lipids and packing

A

Not as tight packing compared to saturated fatty acids. Will be more fluid like and break apart more easily.

32
Q

Which will have a higher melting point, saturated or unsaturated?

A

Saturated fatty acids

33
Q

Trans fats

A

associated with processed foods. Correlated to coronary heart disease. some naturally occurring.

34
Q

How is fatty acids solubility in water determined?

A

length of chain (longer = poorer solubility) and number of double bonds (increasing solubility)

35
Q

Where does the first double carbon typically show up in unsaturated fatty acid?

A

between carbons 9 and 10

36
Q

Multiple double bonds are typically how many carbons apart?

A

3 carbons

37
Q

How are omega fatty acids named?

A

starting with the terminal methyl carbon

38
Q

Fatty acids and melting point in terms of length and number of double bonds

A

as length increases, the melting point increases. Add in a double bond, will drastically lower the melting point

39
Q

Triacylglycerols

A

solid (fats) and liquid (oils). Less soluble in water than fatty acids since no charge carboxylate group. Less dense than water. Primary storage form of lipids.

40
Q

Lipases

A

stored in areas where they can hydrolyze the triacylglycerols to release free fatty acids

41
Q

Why are fats used over polysaccharides?

A

fatty acids carry more energy per carbon (more reduced) and carry less water (since nonpolar)

42
Q

What is used for short term energy needs?

A

Glucose and glycogen

43
Q

What is used for long term energy needs?

A

fats

44
Q

Waxes

A

esters of long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids with long-chain alcohols.

45
Q

5 major types of structural lipids

A

glycerolphospholipids, galactolipids and sulfolipids, tetraether lipids, sphingolipids, and sterols

46
Q

What primarily makes up cell membranes?

A

glycerophospholipids

47
Q

Net charge of phosphatidylcholine

A

0

48
Q

Net charge of phosphatidyl ethanolamine

A

0

49
Q

Net charge of phosphatidylserine

A

-1

50
Q

Net charge of phosphatidylglycerol

A

-1

51
Q

Major components of eukaryotic cell membranes

A

phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine

52
Q

Major component of prokaryote cell membrane

A

phosphatidylethanolamine

53
Q

Human blood groups are defined by what?

A

sphingolipids

54
Q

Sterols structure

A

4 fused rings, hydroxyl group (polar head) in A ring, various non-polar side chians

55
Q

physiological role of sterols

A

modulate fluidity and permeability, thicken the plasma membrane. In low-density lipoproteins (LDL), can deposit and clog arteries.

56
Q

How do we get our cholesterol?

A

1/3 from food. 2/3 from our liver.

57
Q

Statins

A

prevent sterol production

58
Q

Where are steroids produced?

A

in gonad and adrenal glands from cholesterol

BioChem (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions