Lecture 1

Question 1

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Answer 1

Outer membrane and a thinner peptidoglycan layer. Do no stain

Question 2

Gram-Positive Bacteria

Answer 2

No outer membrane and have a thicker peptidoglycan layer. Do stain

Question 3

Bacteria Ribosomes

Answer 3

smaller than eukaryotic. Protein synthesis from an RNA message.

Question 4

Bacteria Nucleoid

Answer 4

Contains a single, simple, long circular DNA molecule

Question 5

Pili

Answer 5

Provide points of adhesion to surface of other bacteria cells

Question 6

Flagella

Answer 6

Propel cell through its surroundings

Question 7

Nucleus

Answer 7

contains the genes (chromatin)

Question 8

Nuclear envelope

Answer 8

segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasm

Question 9

Nucleolus

Answer 9

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

Question 10

Plasma membrane

Answer 10

separates cell from environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

Question 11

Mitochondrion

Answer 11

oxidizes fuels to produce ATP

Question 12

Rough ER

Answer 12

Has ribosomes attached and is site of much of the protein synthesis.

Question 13

Smooth ER

Answer 13

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

Question 14

Golgi complex

Answer 14

processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export. Cis part is closest to the ER. Trans is where vesicles leave

Question 15

Transport vesicles

Answer 15

shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

Question 16

Lysosome

Answer 16

degrades intracellular debris in a very acidic environment

Question 17

Cytoskeleton

Answer 17

supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

Question 18

Peroxisome

Answer 18

oxidizes fatty acids. Take long chain fatty acids and make them into medium length fatty acids, which are then taken to the mitochondria.

Question 19

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

Answer 19

protein-synthesizing machines. Can be attached to the ER or can be free floating.

Question 20

Phototrophs

Answer 20

get energy from light

Question 21

Chemotrophs

Answer 21

get energy from oxidation of chemical fuels

Question 22

Covalent bonds

Answer 22

sharing of electrons

Question 23

Stereoisomers

Answer 23

molecules with same chemical bonds but in different configurations

Question 24

Geometric isomers

Answer 24

cis-trans. differ in the arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to a non rotating double bond.

Question 25

Chiral carbon

Answer 25

carbon atom with 4 different substituents is asymmetric

Question 26

Enantiomers

Answer 26

stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

Question 27

Diastereomers

Answer 27

stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

Question 28

Two ways enzymes speed up reactions

Answer 28

change the reaction by coupling to a fast reaction. Lower activation barrier by catalysis

Question 29

Endergonic

Answer 29

metabolic reaction that requires energy

Question 30

Positive Gibbs Free energy

Answer 30

thermodynamically unfavorable. Because creating order requires work and energy

Question 31

Exergonic

Answer 31

metabolic reaction that releases energy often as a result of a breakdown

Question 32

Negative Gibbs Free energy

Answer 32

Thermodynamically favorable.

Question 33

Energy Coupling

Answer 33

chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allow otherwise unfavorable reactions to proceed (ATP is used a lot)

Question 34

Phosphorylation

Answer 34

when the phosphate group from an ATP goes onto an enzyme or substrate

Question 35

Adenlyation

Answer 35

when an AMP or ADP is put onto an enzyme or substrate

Question 36

Catalyst

Answer 36

compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Do not alter Gibbs free energy, but rather lower activation energy.

Question 37

Catalyst offers 3 things

Answer 37

acceleration under mild conditions high specificity possibility for regulation

Question 38

Metabolic Pathway

Answer 38

produces energy or valuable materials

Question 39

Signal Transduction Pathway

Answer 39

transmits information

Question 40

Positive Feedback regulation

Answer 40

rate of processes increases as the concentration of the product increase

Question 41

Negative Feedback inhibition (regulation)

Answer 41

controls the rate of the processes when the product starts to accumulate

Question 42

Types of non-covalent interactions

Answer 42

Ionic, Dipole (Hydrogen), Van der Waals, and Hydrophobic Effect

Question 43

Ionic Bonding

Answer 43

Electrostatic interactions between permanently charged species, or between the ion and a permanent dipole

Question 44

Dipole Interactions

Answer 44

Electrostatic interactions between uncharged, but polar molecules. includes hydrogen bonding

Question 45

Van der Waals Interactions

Answer 45

Weak interactions between all atoms, regardless of polarity | Attractive ( London dispersion) and repulsive (steric) component

Question 46

Hydrophobic Effect

Answer 46

complex phenomenon associated with the ordering of water molecules around non-polar substances

Question 47

Acid

Answer 47

Proton donor

Question 48

Base

Answer 48

Proton acceptor

Question 49

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 49

strong dipole-dipole and charge-dipole interaction that arises between and acid and base

Question 50

Van der Waals attraction

Answer 50

(london dispersion). the forces depends on the polarizability. Attraction dominates at longer distances

Question 51

Van der Waals repulsion

Answer 51

(Steric repulsion) depends on the size of the atoms. | Dominates at shorter distances

Question 52

Water is a good solvent for

Answer 52

charged and polar substances, such as: amino acids, peptides, small alcohols, and carbohydrates

Question 53

Water is a poor solvent for

Answer 53

nonpolar substances, such as: non polar gases, aromatic moieties, and aliphatic chains

Question 54

Amphipatic

Answer 54

both polar and nonpolar

Question 55

Hydrophobic effect

Answer 55

the association of non-polar molecules in an aqueous solution. Brought together by entropy

Question 56

Entropy

Answer 56

Measure of disorder

Question 57

Positive entropy

Answer 57

More disordered, thus spontaneity more favorable

Question 58

Negative entropy

Answer 58

Less disordered, thus spontaneity less favorable

Question 59

Micelles

Answer 59

Allow for all hydrophobic groups to be sequestered from water. Leading to increase in entropy, thus more favorable

Question 60

Hydrophobic Effect plays major role in... (4)

Answer 60

1) Protein Folding 2) Protein-Protein association 3) Formation of lipid micelles 4) Binding of steroid hormones to their receptors