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BioChem > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Gram-Negative Bacteria

A

Outer membrane and a thinner peptidoglycan layer. Do no stain

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2
Q

Gram-Positive Bacteria

A

No outer membrane and have a thicker peptidoglycan layer. Do stain

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3
Q

Bacteria Ribosomes

A

smaller than eukaryotic. Protein synthesis from an RNA message.

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4
Q

Bacteria Nucleoid

A

Contains a single, simple, long circular DNA molecule

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5
Q

Pili

A

Provide points of adhesion to surface of other bacteria cells

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6
Q

Flagella

A

Propel cell through its surroundings

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7
Q

Nucleus

A

contains the genes (chromatin)

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8
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

segregates chromatin (DNA + protein) from cytoplasm

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9
Q

Nucleolus

A

site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

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10
Q

Plasma membrane

A

separates cell from environment, regulates movement of materials into and out of the cell

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11
Q

Mitochondrion

A

oxidizes fuels to produce ATP

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12
Q

Rough ER

A

Has ribosomes attached and is site of much of the protein synthesis.

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13
Q

Smooth ER

A

site of lipid synthesis and drug metabolism

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14
Q

Golgi complex

A

processes, packages, and targets proteins to other organelles or for export. Cis part is closest to the ER. Trans is where vesicles leave

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15
Q

Transport vesicles

A

shuttles lipids and proteins between ER, Golgi, and plasma membrane

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16
Q

Lysosome

A

degrades intracellular debris in a very acidic environment

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17
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

supports cell, aids in movement of organelles

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18
Q

Peroxisome

A

oxidizes fatty acids. Take long chain fatty acids and make them into medium length fatty acids, which are then taken to the mitochondria.

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19
Q

Eukaryotic Ribosomes

A

protein-synthesizing machines. Can be attached to the ER or can be free floating.

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20
Q

Phototrophs

A

get energy from light

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21
Q

Chemotrophs

A

get energy from oxidation of chemical fuels

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22
Q

Covalent bonds

A

sharing of electrons

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23
Q

Stereoisomers

A

molecules with same chemical bonds but in different configurations

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24
Q

Geometric isomers

A

cis-trans. differ in the arrangement of their substituent groups with respect to a non rotating double bond.

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25
Q

Chiral carbon

A

carbon atom with 4 different substituents is asymmetric

26
Q

Enantiomers

A

stereoisomers that are mirror images of each other

27
Q

Diastereomers

A

stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other

28
Q

Two ways enzymes speed up reactions

A

change the reaction by coupling to a fast reaction. Lower activation barrier by catalysis

29
Q

Endergonic

A

metabolic reaction that requires energy

30
Q

Positive Gibbs Free energy

A

thermodynamically unfavorable. Because creating order requires work and energy

31
Q

Exergonic

A

metabolic reaction that releases energy often as a result of a breakdown

32
Q

Negative Gibbs Free energy

A

Thermodynamically favorable.

33
Q

Energy Coupling

A

chemical coupling of exergonic and endergonic reactions allow otherwise unfavorable reactions to proceed (ATP is used a lot)

34
Q

Phosphorylation

A

when the phosphate group from an ATP goes onto an enzyme or substrate

35
Q

Adenlyation

A

when an AMP or ADP is put onto an enzyme or substrate

36
Q

Catalyst

A

compound that increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Do not alter Gibbs free energy, but rather lower activation energy.

37
Q

Catalyst offers 3 things

A

acceleration under mild conditions
high specificity
possibility for regulation

38
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

produces energy or valuable materials

39
Q

Signal Transduction Pathway

A

transmits information

40
Q

Positive Feedback regulation

A

rate of processes increases as the concentration of the product increase

41
Q

Negative Feedback inhibition (regulation)

A

controls the rate of the processes when the product starts to accumulate

42
Q

Types of non-covalent interactions

A

Ionic, Dipole (Hydrogen), Van der Waals, and Hydrophobic Effect

43
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Electrostatic interactions between permanently charged species, or between the ion and a permanent dipole

44
Q

Dipole Interactions

A

Electrostatic interactions between uncharged, but polar molecules.
includes hydrogen bonding

45
Q

Van der Waals Interactions

A

Weak interactions between all atoms, regardless of polarity

Attractive ( London dispersion) and repulsive (steric) component

46
Q

Hydrophobic Effect

A

complex phenomenon associated with the ordering of water molecules around non-polar substances

47
Q

Acid

A

Proton donor

48
Q

Base

A

Proton acceptor

49
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

strong dipole-dipole and charge-dipole interaction that arises between and acid and base

50
Q

Van der Waals attraction

A

(london dispersion). the forces depends on the polarizability. Attraction dominates at longer distances

51
Q

Van der Waals repulsion

A

(Steric repulsion) depends on the size of the atoms.

Dominates at shorter distances

52
Q

Water is a good solvent for

A

charged and polar substances, such as: amino acids, peptides, small alcohols, and carbohydrates

53
Q

Water is a poor solvent for

A

nonpolar substances, such as: non polar gases, aromatic moieties, and aliphatic chains

54
Q

Amphipatic

A

both polar and nonpolar

55
Q

Hydrophobic effect

A

the association of non-polar molecules in an aqueous solution. Brought together by entropy

56
Q

Entropy

A

Measure of disorder

57
Q

Positive entropy

A

More disordered, thus spontaneity more favorable

58
Q

Negative entropy

A

Less disordered, thus spontaneity less favorable

59
Q

Micelles

A

Allow for all hydrophobic groups to be sequestered from water. Leading to increase in entropy, thus more favorable

60
Q

Hydrophobic Effect plays major role in… (4)

A

1) Protein Folding
2) Protein-Protein association
3) Formation of lipid micelles
4) Binding of steroid hormones to their receptors

BioChem (14 decks)

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