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PHYL2067 midsem > Lecture 5 & 6: Endocrinology > Flashcards

Lecture 5 & 6: Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system for?

A

Maintaining homeostasis

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2
Q

What is quicker: nervous or endocrine system?

A

NERVOUS

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3
Q

Why is the nervous system limited?

A
  • Nerves do not have direct connection with whatever it is controlling (it must pass through an axon to connect)
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4
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A
  • Regulate metabolism
  • Allow body to cope with stress
  • Regulate growth
  • Control reproduction
  • Control digestion
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5
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Something that floats around the blood (thus can get around the whole body)
- Blood acts as the connection

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6
Q

What are some tissues that are involved in the endocrine system?

A
  • Brain
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Pineal gland
  • Pancreas
  • Gonads
  • Kidneys
  • Liver
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7
Q

What are hydrophilic hormones made from?

A

Protein

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8
Q

Can hydrophilic hormones pass through the cell membrane?

A

NO - they act on receptors that are on the surface of the cells

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9
Q

What happens when a hydrophilic hormone acts on a receptor on the cell membrane?

A

1) Change cell permeability/receptor

2) Activate second-messenger response

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10
Q

Do hydrophilic hormones have a long half life? Why/why not?

A

NO - their are vulnerable to being broken down as they are floating around the cell

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11
Q

How are lipophilic hormones transported around the blood?

A

They bind to a carrier protein (some that is not bound will be dissolved (free hormone) - which is the only physiologically active part)

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12
Q

Can free lipophilic hormones pass through the cell membrane?

A

YES

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13
Q

Where do free lipophilic hormones bind?

A

To a specific receptor in the target cell (cell nucleus)

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14
Q

Why are lipophilic hormones hard to store?

A

They can dissolve out of the cell

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15
Q

Do hydrophilic or lipophilic hormones have a long-term effect?

A

LIPOPHILIC as they are not broken down easily and last a long time in the blood

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16
Q

Compare/contrast lipophilic and hydrophilic hormones

A 
Hydrophilic: 
- Likes water 
- Cannot pass plasma membrane 
- Fast onset, short-acting
- Acts on outside of cell 
- Can dissolve in blood 
Lipophilic:
- Hates water 
- Can diffuse across membrane 
- Slower onset, longer-acting 
- Act on inside of cell 
- Can't easily float around blood
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17
Q

How can hormone activity be regulated?

A
  • Secretion
  • Transport
  • Metabolism
  • Excretion
  • Target cell responsiveness
18
Q

How can hormone activity be regulated by secretion?

A

Two control pathways:

1) Central regulation
2) Direct regulation

19
Q

What is central regulation?

A
  • Controlled by the brain
  • Affected by negative-feedback loops, neuroendocrine reflexes
  • Can be fast, slow or long term response
20
Q

What is direct regulation?

A

Endocrine cells respond directly to changes in extracellular fluid levels of substances
- Very rapid response to critical needs

21
Q

How can hormone activity be regulated by target cell responsiveness?

A
  • Amplification of hormones effects via second messenger cascade
22
Q

What is the first sign of pituitary tumor?

A

Decreased vision - tumor is pushing against optic chiasm

23
Q

What hormones are in the posterior pituitary?

A
  • Oxytocin

- Vasopressin

24
Q

How does hypothalamus - pituitary work?

A
  • Hormone is released into BS and taken to APG
  • Releasing or inhibiting factor of hormone acts on cells in APG
  • Those cells produce a hormone that goes back to the blood and to the rest of the body
25
Q

What hormones are in the anterior pituitary?

A
  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • GH
  • Prolactin
  • Luteinizing hormone
26
Q

What is the difference between trophic hormones (ACTH, TSH, LH, etc) and prolactin & growth hormone?

A
  • Trophic hormones cause a release of another hormones somewhere else, while the others have an effect in their own right
27
Q

What happens in hypothalamo-pituitary disconnection?

A

All hormones decrease in their levels except ONE: prolactin

- normally, these hormones have something that releases them all the time

28
Q

What is external work of metabolism?

A

Energy used by skeletal muscles to move

29
Q

What is internal work of metabolism?

A

Energy used to sustain life

30
Q

What determines how fast body functions are?

A

Thyroid hormone

31
Q

Are TH lipophilic or hydrophilic?

A

LIPOPHILIC

32
Q

How are TH transported?

A

In plasma bound carrier proteins

33
Q

Is T3 or T4 more potent?

A

T3

34
Q

Where does T4 get converted to T3?

A

In the tissues

35
Q

TH: control of synthesis and release

A

LOOK AT DIAGRAM

36
Q

What is hypothyroidism?

A

Thyroid gland failure or deficiency in TRH or TSH

37
Q

Hypothyroidism symptoms

A
  • Decreased metabolism
  • Poor cold tolerance
  • Weight gain
  • Puffy face
  • Cretinism or dwarfism
38
Q

Is hypothyroidism reversible?

A

Only if treated from birth

39
Q

What is hyperthyroidism?

A

Caused by excess THR, TSH or TH production

40
Q

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

A
  • Increased metabolism
  • excessive sweating
  • muscle weakness

PHYL2067 midsem (7 decks)

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