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PHYL2067 midsem > Lecture 1: Movement & Reflexes > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Movement & Reflexes Flashcards

1
Q

Do afferent divisions enter or exit the brain?

A

Enter

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2
Q

Do efferent divisions enter or exit the brain?

A

Exit

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3
Q

General brain pathway

A
  1. Sensory or visceral stimuli received by afferent division
  2. Afferent division inputs information to brain
  3. Processing in brain
  4. Response through efferent divisions (different types)
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4
Q

Types of efferent divisions

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
    - acts on motor neurons to move skeletal muscles
  2. Autonomic nervous system
    a) sympathetic nervous system
    b) parasympathetic nervous system
    - both act on smooth & cardiac muscle, exocrine glands and some endocrine glands
    c) enteric nervous system
    - controls digestive organs
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5
Q

What is rostral to the central gyrus?

A

Premotor & primary motor cortex

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6
Q

What is caudal to the central gyrus?

A

Somatosensory cortex & primary parietal cortex

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7
Q

Premotor cortex function

A

Coordination or complex movement

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8
Q

Primary motor cortex function

A

Voluntary movement

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9
Q

Somatosensory cortex function

A

somaesthetic sensation and proprioception

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10
Q

Posterior parietal cortex function

A

Integration of somatosensory and visual input; important for complex movements

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11
Q

T/F: motor cortex on each side of the brain primarily controls the contralateral muscles

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Where is the site for initial processing?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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13
Q

Basal ganglia function

A
  • Inhibiting muscle tone throughout the body by initiating inhibitory modulation of moto pathways through the thalamus
  • Selecting and maintaining purposeful motor activity
  • Suppressing unwanted movement
  • Coordination of slow and sustained contractions
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14
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is involved in PD?

A

Substantia nigra

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15
Q

What part of the basal ganglia is involved in HD?

A

Caudate and putamen

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16
Q

Basal ganglia includes:

A

caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen & substantia nigra

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17
Q

Thalamus function

A
  • Reinforces voluntary movement

- Serves as a ‘relay station’ for sensory input

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18
Q

Thalamus in basic sensory interpretation

A

Capable of crude awareness of sensations but cannot distinguish their location

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19
Q

Cerebellum function

A
  • Learns and executes instructions for movement

- Motor skills through repetitive training

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20
Q

If there is a lesion in or near the midline of the cerebellum, what disorder will result?

A

Posture disorders

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21
Q

Vestibulocerebellum function

A

Maintaining balance

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22
Q

Spinocerebellum function

A

Coordination

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23
Q

Cerebrocerebellum function

A

Planning & initiation of voluntary behaviour

24
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A

Mindbrain, pons & medulla

25
Q

Brainstem function

A
  • Control of CV, respiratory & digestive function
  • Regulates postural muscles
  • Controls overall cortical alertness
26
Q

Where do sensory afferents enter the spinal cord?

A

Through dorsal root (DRG)

27
Q

Where do motor efferents exit the spinal cord?

A

Through ventral roots

28
Q

T/F: afferent & efferent fibres are enclosed together within a spinal nerve

A

TRUE

29
Q

Spinal cord functions

A
  1. Link between brain and peripheral NS

2. Integration of spinal reflexes

30
Q

What do Vestibulocerebellum, Spinocerebellum & Cerebrocerebellum work together to do?

A

Serve functions & instructions for movement & coordination

31
Q

Lesions in cerebellum cause what kind of injury?

A

Ipsilateral

32
Q

Golgi tendon is for

A

Tension (measures tension)

33
Q

What do muscle spindles do?

A

Measure changes in length

34
Q

Do all intrafusal fibres contract?

A

NO: they have contractile and non-contractile portions

35
Q

Do all extrafusal fibres contract?

A

YES

36
Q

What motor neurons supply intrafusal & extrafusal spindles?

A

Efferent motor neurons

37
Q

What do afferent endings do?

A

Report how effective contraction was

38
Q

Where are the primary (annulospiral) endings and what do they do?

A

Wrapped around central (non-contractile) portion of intrafusal fibres
- Detect changes in muscle length and speed of muscle stretch

39
Q

Where are the secondary (flower spray) endings and what do they do?

A

Clustered at end-segments of intrafusal fibres (contractile portions)
- Detect changes in muscle length ONLY

40
Q

Activity at spinal cord

A

Afferent info brought in -> may or may not have synaptic activity (at interneuron) -> if IN is stimulated enough (EPSP), causes activation of an effector response

41
Q

What are simple or basic reflexes?

A
  • Built in and unlearned responses (e.g. knee jerk)
42
Q

What are acquired or conditioned reflexes?

A
  • Result of practice and learning (e.g. catching a ball)
43
Q

What are the 2 types of spinal reflexes?

A
  1. Monosynaptic

2. Polysynaptic

44
Q

What are monosynaptic reflexes?

A
  • Stretch reflex; only one synapse in the reflex arc between afferent and efferent neurons
45
Q

What are polysynaptic reflexes?

A
  • Withdrawal reflex and cross extensor reflex
46
Q

What are the 5 key components of a reflex arc?

A
  • Receptor
  • Afferent pathway
  • Integration centre (CNS)
  • Efferent pathway
  • Effector
47
Q

How does a reflex arc work?

A
  • Some kind of sensory receptor activated -> significant enough to cause AP along afferent neuron to CNS -> synapses on I-N -> may or may not have stimulation of efferent pathway -> consequence
48
Q

How does the knee tap reflex work?

A

Patella tendon stretches -> detected by stretch detectors (muscle spindles) found in quads -> muscle spindles stimulate sensory neuron that travels to spinal cord -> synapses with motor neurons that control contraction of quads -> motor neurons cause immediate contraction of quads to produce leg movement

49
Q

How does the withdrawal reflex work?

A

Thermal pain receptor stimulated -> goes through afferent pathway into spinal cord -> nerve fibres that cause contraction of bicep activated + nerve fibres that cause contraction of tricep inhibited -> ascending pathway to brain cause hand to move

50
Q

How does the cross-extensor reflex work?

A
  • We need to have ipsilateral F away from bottle + contralateral E on the other leg to stop the person from falling over
  • Receptor picks up harmful stimulus -> sensory neuron transports electrical stimulus to CNS -> integration centre (we have 2: 1. IN processing info on same side; 2. IN processing info on opposite side) -> motor neuron (we have 2: 1. same side; 2. opposite side -> effector: skeletal muscles on same (hamstrings contract to move foot away) & opposite (quads contract to hold leg down) sides
51
Q

What parts of the CNS are involved in movement?

A

Cerebral cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord pathways

52
Q

What contributes outside the CNS for balance and movement?

A

Reflexes, spindles, golgi tendons

53
Q

Repetitive training of motor actions heavily involves the…?

A

Cerebellum

54
Q

What is the simplest reflex?

A

Knee jerk

55
Q

What is the difference between the withdrawal reflex & crossed-extensor reflex?

A

Withdrawal: all happens ipsilaterally
CER: has ipsilateral and contralateral components
Both: control 2 lots of muscles (one is just on the same side, other is on both sides)

PHYL2067 midsem (7 decks)

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