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PHYL2067 midsem > Lecture 3 & 4: Movement Disorders (MS, MND, MD & CP) > Flashcards

Lecture 3 & 4: Movement Disorders (MS, MND, MD & CP) Flashcards

1
Q

What is MS?

A
  • Autoimmune disease where immune system attacks and degrades the myelin sheaths (which usually insulate and protect nerves)
  • Immune system mistakes yourself as an enemy and begins to attack (like it would an infection)
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2
Q

What does MS cause in terms of cell signalling

A
  • If myelin sheath (which increases signalling) decreases, it slows down signalling
  • Scarring prevents movement (signalling)
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3
Q

Symptoms of MS

A
  • Depression
  • Pain
  • Spasticity
  • Fatigue
  • Tremor
  • Ataxia
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4
Q

Types of MS

A
  • Relapsing-Remitting
  • Secondary-Progressive
  • Primary-Progressive
  • Progressive-Relapsing
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5
Q

What is Relapsing-Remitting MS?

A
  • Short duration

- May remain symptom-free for a long time

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6
Q

What is Secondary-Progressive MS?

A
  • Slow, steady progression (with or without relapse)

- Relapses do not fully remit

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7
Q

What is Primary-Progressive MS?

A
  • Slowly worsening symptoms with no relapses or remissions
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8
Q

What is Progressive-Relapsing MS?

A
  • Steadily worsen from the onset

- Flare-ups - with or without remissions

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9
Q

How is MS treated and managed?

A
  • Treat inflammation: corticosteroids
  • Slow or prevent disease prevention
  • Treat chronic symptoms
  • Physical/psychological support
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10
Q

What is the most common form of MS?

A
  • Relapsing-Remitting
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11
Q

What is motor neuron disease (MND)?

A

Group of conditions in which motor neurons die

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12
Q

Symptoms of MND

A
  • Muscle wasting
  • Weakness
  • Respiratory failure
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13
Q

What happens to the neurons in MDN?

A

LMN: muscles gradually weaken, waste away and develop uncontrollable twitching
UMN: similar + stiffness & spasticity

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle atrophy?

A
  • Disuse atrophy

- Neurogenic atrophy

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15
Q

Which type of atrophy can be reversed?

A

DISUSE

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16
Q

Why can’t neurogenic atrophy be reversed?

A

There is damage to the nerve innervating the muscle

17
Q

What is cell damage induced by in MND?

A

Reactive oxygen species (free radicals)

18
Q

What causes oxidative stress?

A

Persistent imbalance of oxidants & antioxidants (O>A)

19
Q

Riluzole MOA

A

Subtly blocks Na+ channels to slow down APs -> decreases glutamate that is released

20
Q

What drug can control spasticity?

A

Baclofen

21
Q

How does baclofen work?

A
  • Injected into the spinal cord where it can bind to GABAb receptors and inhibit aspects of movement
22
Q

Respiratory care in MND

A
  • Mask ventilator system overnight
23
Q

Other treatments for MND

A
  • Assisted eating (muscle weakness in arms & hands)

- Gastrostomy insertion (feeding tube)

24
Q

What is Muscular Dystrophy (MD)?

A

Group of disorders which involve progressive loss of muscle mass and strength

25
Q

What causes MD?

A

Genetic mutations which interfere with the production of muscle proteins required to build and maintain muscle tissue

26
Q

Why are the vast majority of MD patients boys?

A
  • It is an X linked recessive condition
  • female only has one carrier gene, therefore, female child will only likely be a carrier (as they have 2 x chromosomes)
  • if male gets the carrier X gene, then he will have MD as he only has one X chromosome
27
Q

Symptoms of MD

A
  • Pain & stiffness
  • Difficulty with running and jumping
  • Walking on toes
  • Waddling gait
28
Q

How can you diagnose MD?

A
  • Genetic testing
  • Heart monitoring
  • EMG
  • Biopsy
29
Q

Is there a cure of MD?

A

NO

30
Q

What can medications do in MD treatment?

A

Slow the progression and keep the patient mobile for as long as possible

31
Q

What are the 2 most commonly prescribed drugs for MD?

A 
Corticosteroids 
Heart medications (e.g. beta blockers, ACE inhibitors)
32
Q

What are some other forms of treatment for MD?

A
  • General exercise
  • Breathing assistance
  • Mobility aids
  • Braces
33
Q

What is CP?

A

A condition that is developed when there is brain injury or malformation while the child’s brain is under development

34
Q

Symptoms of CP in babies

A
  • Low muscle tone (floppy)
  • Unable to hold up their head
  • Muscle spasms
  • Poor muscle control
  • Delayed development
35
Q

Symptoms of CP in toddlers/children

A
  • Not walking by 12-18 months
  • Not speaking simple sentences by 24 months
    (DEPENDING ON SEVERITY)
36
Q

How is CP diagnosed?

A
  • Look at movement
  • Are their muscles floppy or stiff?
  • Do they have unusual posture or favour one side?
37
Q

What treatment is available/

A
  • Medication for movement issues (diazepam & baclofen)

PHYL2067 midsem (7 decks)

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