Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PSYC3015 Personality & Intelligence > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What high-stakes situations may people distort their responses?

A

o Employment selection
o Internet dating (e.g. RSVP)
o Selection for education

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is response distortion conscious or unconscious?

A

Both. People don’t always have an accurate representation of themselves (false sense of who they are)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the different kinds of response distortions?

A

♣ Self-deceptive enhancement (unconscious)
♣ Self-deceptive denial (unconscious)
♣ Impression management (conscious)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the types of biases in self-deceptive thinking?

A
  • Egoistic bias (“Superman”)

- Moralistic bias (“Angel”)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is egoistic bias?

A

o Exaggerate one’s status (social, intellectual, physical, etc.)
o Pro-self
o Value = agency
o Strong, competent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is moralistic bias?

A

o Deny socially deviant impulses and claim sanctimonious, saint-like attributes
o Pro-social
o Value = communion
o Good, kind

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is egoistic bias linked with?

A

Linked with:

Self-deceptive enhancement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is moralistic bias linked with?

A

Linked with:

Self-deceptive denial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two types of faking?

A
  • Faking good

- Faking bad

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is faking good?

A

Trying to get higher test scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is faking bad?

A

Trying to get lower scores

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What situations may people try to fake good?

A

o Employment selection
o Education selection
o Dating/inter-personal evaluations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What situations may people try to fake bad?

A 
o	Legal context
        ♣	Obtain benefits
        ♣	Diminished responsibility
o	Educational context
        ♣	Special treatment
o	Military
        ♣	Discharge, special duties (especially conscription)
        ♣	WW2: “Black Psy-Ops” – dropped leaflets in enemies’ languages giving instructions on malingering to soldiers to get out of military service
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Can intelligence tests be faked?

A

Intelligence tests can’t be faked “good” but they can be faked “bad”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

According to Mittenberg et al. (2002), what is faking suspected in?

A

♣ 30% of personal injury cases
♣ 30% of disability claims
♣ 19% of criminal evaluations
♣ 8% of clinical/medical cases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two types of methods to deal with response distortion?

A
  • Detecting fakers

- Reducing faking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 methods for detecting fakers?

A
  1. “Lie” scales (a.k.a. Social desirability scales)
  2. Response time rubrics
  3. Over-claiming technique
  4. Bayesian truth serum
18
Q

What are the 5 methods for reducing faking?

A
  1. Forced-choice formats
  2. Verifiable statements (especially biographical data)
  3. Other reports (e.g. self-assessments, referee assessments)
  4. Warnings
  5. Implicit measurement techniques
19
Q

What is the basic idea/assumption of lie scales?

A

Everyone does, or has done at least once, these things (test items) so then, if you don’t admit to them, you are lying

20
Q

What are the 4 lie scales?

A

o Marlow-Crowne Social Desirability Scale
o Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) Lie Scale
o Eysenck’s Lie Scale
o Paulhus Balanced Index of Desirable Responding (BID-R)

21
Q

What is the issue with the basic assumption of lie scales?

A

Some people are just really nice and never do anything bad/wrong (i.e. have never done any of the test items)

22
Q

What is a problem with the lie scales?

A

o Lie scales relate to substantive personality traits
♣ Possible interpretation: Lie scales do not measure lying but may measure actual aspects of personality
• Non-trivial correlations with
personality traits
♣ High scorers = nice people (not liars)
• Higher impression management and
self-deceptive enhancement
scores = higher conscientiousness,
higher agreeableness
o Statistically large correlations
• Kicking people out based on their scores actually means excluding the nicest people

23
Q

What are the 3 other ways to detect fakers?

A
  1. Response time rubrics
  2. Over-claiming technique (Paulhus)
  3. Bayesian truth serum
24
Q

What are response time rubrics?

A

o Participants response times measured because, theoretically, people take longer to respond because they are lying
o People pause to think about whether to fake an item (longer response time = faking?)
♣ Response time changes based on strategy – accuracy or lying?
o BUT people who decide to fake everything (rather than exaggerate from their own “real” personality) are quicker

25
Q

What is the over-claiming technique?

A

o Ask people to rate their familiarity with a number of concepts
o Compares familiarity of “real” terms with “foils” to determine if people are “overclaiming”

26
Q

What is the issue with the over-claiming technique?

A

People who know a little bit of the concept can be tricked because foils are similar to real terms they are vaguely aware of but are not necessarily lying

27
Q

What is the assumption of the over-claiming technique?

A

Assumption that people who lie on this will lie on everything
♣ Ignores situational factors (e.g. really honest people may be desperate for the job so lie on application personality test)

28
Q

What is the Bayesian truth serum?

A

For each (dichotomous) item, test-takers estimate the proportion of people who would answer the same way

29
Q

What is the issue with the Bayesian truth serum

A

o False Consensus Effect (from Social Psych): People OVER-ESTIMATE the number of others who share their beliefs

30
Q

What are the 5 types of warnings to reduce faking?

A

♣ Detection warnings
♣ Consequences warnings
♣ Reasoning warnings (convince test-takers that answering honestly is in their best interests)
♣ Educational warnings (convince test-takers of the validity of the tests and selection procedures)
♣ Moral warnings (appeal to the conscience of the test-taker)

31
Q

What is ‘forced choice’ method to reduce faking?

A

o Force test-takers to choose from equally desirable alternatives
♣ E.g. Which is more like you: “I am kind to others” OR “I work hard”

32
Q

What is the issue with the ‘forced choice’ method to reduce faking?

A

Scores on forced-choice measures have ipsative properties
♣ Relative profile for everyone but not the exact level
• Can’t be compared across people (only accurate for the person tested)

33
Q

What is the ‘verifiable statements’ method to reduce faking?

A

o Asking people questions where their answers are “checkable”
♣ People are less likely to lie when information can be easily verified

34
Q

What are the ‘implicit measurement techniques’ method to reduce faking?

A

Measures unconscious association between oneself and words representing a personality trait (e.g. Conscientiousness)

35
Q

What are the paradigms in faking research?

A
  • Group comparison
  • Instructed faking
  • Incentive manipulation
36
Q

What is the ‘group comparison’ paradigm in faking research?

A

o Compare job applicants to others (job incumbents/student samples/community samples)
♣ High stakes vs. low stakes
o Measure lower limit of faking: not all job applicants will fake
o There may be real group differences (e.g. psychology students are not like normal people…)

37
Q

What is the ‘instructed faking’ paradigm in faking research?

A

o Compare scores under “answer honestly” vs. “maximise your score” instructions
o Many different instructions for “maximise your score” – can lead to different findings
o “Answer honestly” instructions account for impression management but may still have self-deceptive biases

38
Q

What is the ‘incentive manipulation’ paradigm in faking research?

A

o Compare scores under no stakes conditions with scores obtained when there is an incentive to do well
♣ E.g. The top 10% of scorers in the experiment will receive $10

39
Q

What is the problem with the ‘incentive manipulation’ paradigm in faking research?

A

o Cannot create a high-stakes situation

♣ Hard to mimic real-life incentives like getting a job

40
Q

How much does faking change scores?

A
  • Can have potentially big effects
41
Q

How should personality tests be used for selection to deal with faking?

A
  • Selection ratio
    o Personality tests should only be
    used for ‘select-out’, not
    ‘select-in’, processes
42
Q

What personality traits do people fake the most?

A
  • Conscientiousness

- Neuroticism

PSYC3015 Personality & Intelligence (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions