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PSYC3015 Personality & Intelligence > Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the APA definition of personality disorder?

A

o “Enduring patterns of inner experience and behaviour that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture, are pervasive and inflexible”

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2
Q

What are the 4 areas that deviance can be reflected in?

A

o Cognition
o Affect
o Interpersonal functioning
o Impulse control

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3
Q

What are the features of deviant cognition?

A

o Perception
o Interpretation
o Formation of images and attitudes

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4
Q

What are the features of deviant affectivity?

A

o Range
o Intensity
o Appropriateness of emotions

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5
Q

What are the features of deviant interpersonal functioning?

A

o Relating to others (Dyads-Triads-Groups)

o Handling interpersonal situations

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6
Q

What are the features of lack of control?

A

o Impulses

o Gratification of needs

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7
Q

How are personality disorders deviations?

A
  • Extreme or significant deviations from the way an individual in a given culture perceives, thinks, feels, and relates to others
    o Deviant from the culture’s normative range – culturally appropriate in the cultural context
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8
Q

When do personality disorders generally onset?

A
  • Onset in adolescence or early adulthood
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9
Q

Are personality disorders stable/unstable?

A

Stable

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10
Q

How long can personality disorders go on for?

A

Long duration

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11
Q

Do personality disorders have only one specific trigger?

A

o Not limited to one specific “triggering” stimulus, stressor or situation

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12
Q

What is the evolutionary perspective of personality disorders?

A 
-	The evolutionary perspective 
	o	Ineffectiveness
		♣	Suboptimal functioning in:
			•	Self-preservation
			•	Ecological adaptation
			•	Reproductivity
		♣	Inflexible strategies that lead to pervasive fitness reduction or failure
	o	Uncooperativeness
		♣	Frictional features that frustrate social goals, resulting in fitness costs
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13
Q

What are the 3 considerations of a general differential diagnosis of a personality disorder?

A
  • General differential diagnosis
    1. Symptoms are not better accounted for by other mental (clinical) disorders (mainly psychoses, anxiety, depression or PTSD)
      ♣ Mimicry of personality traits
      ♣ Personality disorders should be premorbid
      • Shouldn’t be a consequence of a clinical disorder
    2. Not result of substance use (not exclusive associations)
    3. Not result of general medical condition (physiological effects)
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14
Q

How many specified personality disorders are in the DSM-V?

A

5

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15
Q

What are the 3 personality clusters?

A
  • Cluster A (odd/eccentric)
  • Cluster B (dramatic/emotional)
  • Cluster C (anxious/fearful)
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16
Q

What are the features of Cluster A personalities?

A
  • Symptoms similar to schizophrenia (atypical psychoses)

- High levels of (elements of) introversion and psychoticism

17
Q

What are the features of Cluster B personalities?

A
  • Highly variable behaviour, exaggerated emotional display

- High levels of trait impulsivity, BAS

18
Q

What are the features of Cluster C personalities?

A
  • High interpersonal deficits

- High levels of insecure attachment traits (anxiety deregulation), BIS

19
Q

What are the 3 Cluster A personality types?

A
  1. Paranoid
  2. Schizoid
  3. Schizotypal
20
Q

What is the Paranoid (Cluster A) personality type?

A

♣ Distrust and suspiciousness of others
♣ Unforgiving, preoccupied with unjustified doubts
♣ Optimal criterion: Suspect, without sufficient basis, that others are exploiting, harming or deceiving them

21
Q

What is the Schizoid (Cluster A) personality type?

A

♣ Detachment from social relationships
♣ Restricted range of emotional expressions and anhedonia
• Extreme introversion – detach from others and self’s emotions
♣ Optimal criterion: Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family

22
Q

What is the Schizotypal (Cluster A) personality type?

A

♣ Cognitive disturbances, odd thinking
♣ Excessive social anxiety, inappropriate affect
♣ Considered to be precursor to schizophrenia and some consider if there are no schizotypal traits then there will be no later schizophrenia
♣ Optimal criterion: Odd thinking and speech: Behaviour or appearance that is odd, eccentric or peculiar

23
Q

How are optimal criteria useful in personality disorder diagnoses?

A
  • Use optimal criterion as a useful mnemonic
    o Take patient’s symptoms that they’re communicating, form impression of what disorder it could be, use optimal criterion then form diagnosis
24
Q

What are the 4 Cluster B personality types?

A
  1. Antisocial
  2. Borderline
  3. Histrionic
  4. Narcissistic
25
Q

What is the Antisocial (Cluster B) personality type?

A

♣ Disregard and violation of other’s rights
♣ Failure to conform to social norms
♣ Optimal criterion: Criminal, aggressive, impulsive, irresponsible behaviour
♣ Psychopath vs. sociopath
• “Psychopathic” exists as a classification
• Continuum: psychopathy sociopathy
o Sociopath is a psychopath that acts their traits in a social setting
• “Sociopathy”, as a construct, no longer exists
• Narcissism – element of psychopathy

26
Q

What is the Borderline (Cluster B) personality type?

A

♣ Interpersonal and emotional instability/impulsivity
♣ Chronic feeling of emptiness, suicidal behaviour
♣ Optimal criterion: (Unreasonable) expectations of meeting personal goals, and/or maintaining close relations

27
Q

What is the Histrionic (Cluster B) personality type?

A

♣ Excessive, emotionality (theatricality) and attention-seeking
♣ Suggestible, attention to physical appearance, inappropriate sexuality (nymphomania)
• “Nymphomania” used to be considered a disorder, now just a symptom
♣ Optimal criterion: Uncomfortable in situations in which they are not the centre of attention

28
Q

What is the Narcissistic (Cluster B) personality type?

A

♣ Grandiosity (in fantasy or behaviour) and need for admiration
♣ Preoccupied with success and power, interpersonally exploitive
♣ Optimal criterion: Grandiose sense of self-importance, need for admiration and lack of empathy

29
Q

What are the 3 Cluster C personality types?

A
  1. Avoidant
  2. Dependent
  3. Obsessive-Compulsive
30
Q

What is the Avoidant (Cluster C) personality type?

A

♣ Social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy
♣ Preoccupied with fear of being criticised, shamed or ridiculed
♣ Optimal criterion: Avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, fearing criticism, disapproval or rejection

31
Q

What is the Dependent (Cluster C) personality type?

A

♣ Submissiveness and clinging behaviour
♣ Unrealistic fear of being left alone, needs constant reassurance
♣ Optimal criterion: Needs others to assume responsibility for most major areas of his/her life

32
Q

What is the Obsessive-Compulsive (Cluster C) personality type?

A

♣ Perfectionism and mental or interpersonal control
♣ Preoccupied with details, rules, order; excessive devotion to work
♣ Not the same as OCD
• Compulsion has different focus than OCD – compulsive on content, not repetition
• “Conscientiousness gone haywire”
♣ Optimal criterion: Shows perfectionism that interferes with task completion

PSYC3015 Personality & Intelligence (25 decks)

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