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Biological Psychology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the two types of cells

A

Neurons and Glia

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2
Q

What are neurons

A

Neurons are a type of cell that receives and transmits information to other cells.

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3
Q

How many neurons does the adult brain have

A

Around 100 billion

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4
Q

What are glia

A

A type of cell that has many functions and supports neurons in their function

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5
Q

What are the 5 main parts in the structure of the neuron

A

Soma (cell body). Dendrites. Axon. Myelin sheath. Presynaptic Terminal.

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6
Q

Describe the soma

A

Contains nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria

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7
Q

Describe dendrites

A

Branching fibres which receive info via synaptic receptors

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8
Q

Describe axons

A

Thin fibre of constant diameter. Information sender of the neuron

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9
Q

Describe myelin sheath

A

insulates the axon, nodes of ranvier: interruptions in the myelin sheath

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10
Q

Describe presynaptic terminal

A

End bulb, bouton. Point from which axon transmits information

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11
Q

Name the two types of axons

A

Afferent axons and Efferent axons

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12
Q

What are afferent axons

A

Brings info to a structure

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13
Q

What are efferent axons

A

Carries info away from a structure

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14
Q

Name the two types of neurons

A

Sensory neuron. Motor neuron.

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15
Q

What are sensory neurons

A

Afferent to the rest of the nervous system

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16
Q

What are motor neurons

A

Efferent from the nervous system

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17
Q

What are clusters within the neural structure of the nervous system made of

A

Cell bodies - CNS = nucleus, PNS = Ganglion

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18
Q

What are glia

A

Smaller but more numerous than neurons (1:10) - with many supportive functions

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19
Q

Do glia transmit information across long distances

A

no

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20
Q

What do astrocytes do

A

Help synchronise the activity of neurons and remove waste materials

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21
Q

What do microglia do

A

Remove waste materials and microorganisms

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22
Q

What do oligodendrocytes and schwann cell

A

Build the myelin sheaths

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23
Q

What do radial glia do

A

Guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons

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24
Q

Name three body parts that protect the nervous system

A

Skull, backbone and meninges

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25
Q

Discuss the blood-brain barrier

A

It prevents viruses, bacteria, harmful chemicals from entering the brain. Depends on the endothelial cells that form the walls of the capillaries.

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26
Q

How can chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier

A

Cross the cells membrane.

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27
Q

What does the blood-brain barrier stop

A

Most viruses, bacteria and toxins. Large molecules and electrically charged molecules

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28
Q

What passes through the barrier

A

Small uncharged molecules - oxygen and carbon dioxide, water and fat-soluble molecules. Glucose, amino acids and some vitamins.

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29
Q

Name the two ways things can pass the blood-brain barrier

A

Passively or Actively

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30
Q

What is meant by something passing through the blood-brain barrier passiveky

A

No expenditure of energy

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31
Q

What is meant by something passing the blood-brain barrier actively

A

Expenditure of energy

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32
Q

What do neurons do

A

Receive information and convey it to other neurons

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33
Q

What do glia cells do

A

Serve many supporting functions, but do not convey information over larger distances

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34
Q

How do neurons conduct information

A

Via electrical impulses

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35
Q

How fast do neurons convey information

A
36
Q

What do conduction of impulses depend on

A

Resting potential and action potential

37
Q

What is the resting potential

A

At rest, neurons are more negative inside than outside. and the voltage difference is called the resting potential.

38
Q

What is the typical resting potential

A

-70 millivolts (mV)

39
Q

Name two negatively charged particles

A

Chloride ions and protein ions

40
Q

Name two positively charged particles

A

Sodium ions and potassium ions

41
Q

What are the four interacting factors that maintain the resting potential

A

Concentration gradients and electrical gradient. Membrane permeability at rest and sodium-potassium pump

42
Q

Name the two homogenizing factors

A

Concentration gradients which are when Ions are in random motions and move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. Electrical gradients which are the accumulation of charges repels like charges and attracts unlike charges

43
Q

Describe concentration gradients

A

When ions are in random motion and move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

44
Q

Describe electrical gradient

A

Accumulation of charges repels like charges and attracts unlike charges (+ repels +, - repels -, + attracts -).

45
Q

What are homogenizing factors counteracted by?

A

Membrane permeability at rest and sodium-potassium pump

46
Q

Describe what it is meant by membrane permeability at rest

A

CL- and K+ pass, Na+ pass with difficulty and protein ions do not pass

47
Q

Describe what the sodium-potassium pump does

A

Transports Na+ out and K+ in, but requires energy

48
Q

What is an action potential

A

Response of a neuron to stimulation above a certain threshold

49
Q

What does the resting potential do in terms on action potential

A

Resting potential prepares the neuron to respond quickly to a stimulus with an action potential

50
Q

What does stimulation result in?

A

Depolarization

51
Q

What is depolarization

A

The neuron becomes less negative

52
Q

What happens when stimulation that results in a depolarization beyond the threshold of excitation

A

Results in a sudden, massive depolarization

53
Q

What happens after depolarization

A

Potential returns to slightly below resting potential and back to the resting potential value

54
Q

Define repolarization

A

When the potential returns back to the resting potential value

55
Q

What does sub-threshold stimulation produce

A

Depolarization proportional to the strength of stimulation

56
Q

What does stimulation above the threshold produce

A

A very similar action potential - all of non law: amplitude and velocity of an action potential are independent of the initiating stimulus

57
Q

Describe the molecular basis of the action potential

A

Initial sodium enters the cell, and a bit later potassium leaves the cell, which makes it negative again - the sodium-potassium pump then restores the original ion distribution

58
Q

What happens immediately after an action potential

A

The membrane area cannot produce another action potential

59
Q

Define refractory period

A

When the membrane cannot produce another action potential as an action potential has just happened

60
Q

What is it called immediately after an action potential, when a membrane cannot produce another action potential

A

Refractory period

61
Q

What is meant by ‘absolute refractory period’

A

No action potential can be produced

62
Q

What is meant by ‘relative refractory period’

A

Stronger than usual stimulus can initiate an action potential

63
Q

When a stronger than usual stimulus can initiate an action potential what is that called

A

Relative refractory period

64
Q

Describe the propagation of the action potential

A

Action potential begins at the axon hillock, action potential propagates along the axon

65
Q

Describe the mechanism of propagation of the action potential

A

Slight depolarization of adjacent areas to reach its threshold. Then action potential is regenerated.

66
Q

What is determined by the refractory period

A

Direction of propagation

67
Q

Direction of propagation is determined by what

A

Refractory period

68
Q

Describe the action potential conducion speed

A

It depends on the axon’s diameter - thin axons are 1m/s but thick axons are 10m/s. Myelin sheath increases speed up to 100m/s - action potential jumps from node to node and thus increases speed and saves energy

69
Q

Describe what is meant by saltatory conduction

A

Action potentials jump from node to node which increases speed and saves energy

70
Q

What is a synapse

A

A side at which information flows from one neuron to another. The small gap between neurons.

71
Q

What are the three main parts of a synpase

A

Presynaptic terminal. Synaptic cleft and postsynaptic neuron

72
Q

What events happen at the synapse

A

Action potential arrives at the presynaptic terminal, where calcium enters and neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitters attach to receptors and alter activity of the postsynaptic neuron. Neurotransmitters separate from their receptors and are taken up by the presynaptic cell or diffuse away

73
Q

Describe the activation of postsynaptic receptors

A

Neurotransmitters attach to postsynaptic receptors via a key-lock-system, meaning there is a specific receptor for specific neurotransmitter

74
Q

Describe Ionotropic receptors

A

Effect fast and short, neurotransmitter opens/closes channels directly.

75
Q

What are iontropic receptors relevant for

A

Vision & hearing, being able to quickly change information

76
Q

Describe metabotropic receptors

A

Effect slow & long, neurotransmitter activates G- protein within the cell, G-protein can bind to ion channels or stimulate synthesis of second messengers.

77
Q

What are metabotropic receptors relevant for

A

Hunger, thirst, fear & anger (long-term changes in behaviour)

78
Q

Describe the inactivation and reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

Break down by enzyme, detachment from receptor without break down - neurotransmitter taken up and reused by presynatpic neuron (reuptake)

79
Q

Describe temporal and spatial summation

A

Neurons conduct information through action potentials, neurons communicate through synpases. One synapse does NOT initiate an action potential. (Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials - the more stimulation, the larger the change). Action potentials can be initiated by temporal or spatial stimulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentials

80
Q

Describe temporal summation

A

Summation of excitatory postsynpatic potentials from one source. Effect depends on - size of EPSP’s, time between them and threshold of the postsynaptic neuron

81
Q

Describe spatial summation

A

Summation of several simultaneous EPSP from separate locations, effect depends on - size of EPSP’s, timing, and threshold of the postsynaptic neuron

82
Q

Explain how cocaine has a psychoactive effect

A

Dopamine and norepinephrine agonist. It blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine - both continue to activate postsynaptic receptors.

83
Q

What are the effects of cocaine use

A

Euphoria, loss of appetite, insomnia and addiction

84
Q

Explain how benzodiazepines have psychoactive effects

A

Diazepam & Chlordiazepoxide, GABA agonists. Increases the binding of BAGA molecules and thus inhibitory effect of GABA.

85
Q

What are the effects of benzodiazepines

A

Reduce anxiety, induce sleep & reduce seizues

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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