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Biological Psychology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do we inherit traits?

A

Genetic Inheritance…

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2
Q

What are genes?

A

Units of heredity
Part of chromosomes
Made up of pairs of alleles

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3
Q

What are genes made from?

A

DNA

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4
Q

What does DNA code

A

Synthesis of RNA

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5
Q

What does RNA code

A

Synthesis of protein

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6
Q

What do genes do?

A

Maintain structural format through generations

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7
Q

What are heterozygous alleles

A

Pairs that are different, i.e. one recessive and one dominant

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8
Q

What are homozygous alleles

A

Pairs of alleles that are the same, i.e. both recessive or both dominant

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9
Q

Which type of gene have the stronger effect?

A

Dominant gene

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10
Q

What are phenotypes?

A

Phenotypes are visible characteristics, i.e. eye colour

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11
Q

What are sex linked genes?

A

Genes on the sex chromosome (X or Y) are known as sex-linked genes

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12
Q

Where are the sex linked genes found?

A

X or Y chromosomes

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13
Q

Name one main difference between the X chromosome and the Y chromosome

A

Y chromosomes are very small - genes for only 27 proteins. X chromosomes are a lot larger - genes for 1,500 proteins

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14
Q

How many proteins do the X and Y chromosomes code for?

A 
Y = 27 proteins
X = 1500 proteins
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15
Q

Give an example of human sex-linked genes and explain

A

Red-Green colour deficiency.
A man with this recessive gene on his X chromosome is red-green deficient because he has no other X chromosome, yet a woman does, thus the woman will only have the deficiency if she has the recessive gene on both X chromosomes.

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16
Q

What are sex-limited genes?

A

Genes that are present in both sexes, generally on autosomal chromosomes, but active mainly in one sex.

17
Q

Give examples of sex-limited genes.

A

Breast size
Crowing in roosters
Chest hair
Egg production in hens

18
Q

Explain the difference between sex-limited genes and sex-linked genes.

A

A sex-linked gene is on a sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome). A sex-limited gene could be on any chromosome, but it is activated by sex hormones and therefore shows its effects in only one sex.

19
Q

Suppose someone identifies a “gene” for certain aspects of sexual development. In what ways might that statement be misleading?

A

The effect of a gene depends on other influences. In the case of a gene affecting sexual development, the gene is probably more active during adolescence than in childhood due to sex hormones. Its effects might depend on diet, social influences and others.

20
Q

How might a new species evolve?

A

Individuals have different traits within a population, and specific traits could be linked to higher fitness and thus these individuals will survive and reproduce. Thus the genes adapt and spread within the population by natural selection

21
Q

What is the evidence for evolution?

A

Fossil records - species changed throughout time
Similarities of related life forms - chimpanzees share 98% DNA with humans
Rapid populations changes in organisms - artificial selections (breeding)
Geographic distributions - related species in the same island (marsupials e.g. koalas, kangaroos, opossum, marsupials are closer to each other than they are to mammals) Tasmanian wolf is closer to an anteater than to a wolf - ANALOGY

22
Q

What is analogy, and give an example.

A

Similarities in function that evolved independently.

23
Q

What is Lamarckian Inheritance?

A

Changes during a lifetime - offsprings inheritance

24
Q

Give an example of Lamarckian Inheritance

A

Not using your little toe so offspring born without one

25
Q

Name 5 common misunderstandings of Evolution and discuss

A

Lamarckian Inheritance, changes within a lifetime
Evolution is a forward movement
Humans have evolved from monkeys
Humans have stopped evolving, evolution is about reproduction not survival thus survival of the fittest still stands despite modern medicine
Evolution is always an improvement, genes that improve fitness may be disadvantageous in another situation

26
Q

What is evolutionary psychology concerned with?

A

How behaviours have evolved and their functional explanations

27
Q

Discuss altruistic behaviours

A

An action that benefits someone other than the recipient. It occurs in humans, however in nonhumans altruism is harder to spot. Often when animals do appear altruistic they have a selfish motive.

28
Q

Give an example of altruistic behaviour that could have a selfish motive

A

Meerkats have a member of the colony on stand to watch for danger and make an alarm call if their is threat. However, the one on stand will be most likely to escape first.

29
Q

Explain three explanations for altruistic behaviours

A

Group selection suggests altruistic groups survive better than less cooperative groups. However, if a member in the altruistic group had a mutated gene and was selfish and produced more offspring, the group would eventually become less cooperative.
Kin selection, a selection for a gene that benefits the individuals relatives. A gene spreads if it causes you to risk your life to protect those who share your genes
Reciprocal altruism, meaning you help someone who will return the favour for you. But this only works if individuals recognise eachothers altruistic behaviour

30
Q

What is phylogenetic continuity?

A

Testing for the evolutionary roots of human behaviours

Gradual changes within traits over time

31
Q

Why are animals used in research?

A

To learn about human evolution
To learn about mechanisms of behaviour
Animals are interesting
Improve welfare and conservation management

32
Q

Give some examples of social behaviours in primates

A

Social Groups - often live in harems, grooming, playing, aggression
Communication - vocals, facial expressions, gestures

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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