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Biological Psychology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does lateral mean

A

Toward the side

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2
Q

What does medial mean

A

Toward the midline

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3
Q

What does dorsal mean

A

Toward the back

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4
Q

What does anterior mean

A

Toward the front end

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5
Q

What does ventral mean

A

Toward the stomach

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6
Q

What does posterior mean

A

Toward the rear end

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7
Q

Describe the horizontal plane of the brain

A

Cutting through the brain horizontally

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8
Q

Explain the frontal/coronal plane of the brain

A

Cutting through the brain from the top parallel to the face

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9
Q

Describe the sagittal plane of the brain

A

Cutting through the brain from the top as if someone was cutting with an axe

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10
Q

What does midsagittal section mean

A

Section cut down the centre of the brain

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11
Q

What does cross section mean

A

Section cut at a right angle to a long structure

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12
Q

Name the two categories of the nervous system

A

Central Nervous System. Peripheral Nervous System.

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13
Q

What does the CNS comprise of

A

Brain. Spinal cord

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14
Q

What does the PNS comprise of

A

Nerves outside of the brain and spine

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15
Q

Name the two subcategories of the PNS

A

Autonomic Nervous System. Somatic Nervous System

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16
Q

Name the two subcategories of the autonomic nervous system

A

Sympathetic Nervous System. Parasympathetic Nervous System.

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17
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do

A

Regulates body’s internal environment. Controls involuntary muscles (heart, intestines). Unconscious and automatic

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18
Q

What does afferent mean in terms of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Internal sensory signals to CNS

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19
Q

What does efferent mean in terms of the Autonomic Nervous System

A

Motor signals from CNS to internal organs

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20
Q

Describe what the Somatic Nervous System does

A

Interacts with external environment. Controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the CNS. Conscious and voluntary

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21
Q

What does afferent mean in terms of the somatic nervous system

A

From skin, skeleton muscles etc to CNS

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22
Q

What does efferent mean in terms of the somatic nervous system

A

Motor signals from CNS to skeleton muscles

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23
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is conscious and voluntary

A

Somatic Nervous System

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24
Q

Which part of the peripheral nervous system is unconscious and automatic

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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25
Q

Describe what the Sympathetic Nervous System does

A

Prepares the organs for vigorous activity. Increases breathing and heart rate, decreases digestive activity

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26
Q

Describe what the Parasympathetic Nervous System does

A

Promotes energy-conserving, non-emergency functions. Generally does the opposite of sympathetic activities.

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27
Q

Where is the spinal cord

A

Within the spinal column

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28
Q

What does the spinal cord do

A

Communicates with sense organs and muscles below the head

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29
Q

How does the spinal cord work

A

Sensory nerve enters and motor nerve leaves

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30
Q

What happens if the spinal cord gets cut

A

The brain loses sensation from that segment and all segments below

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31
Q

What is gray matter

A

Cell bodies of motor neurons and other cell bodies and dendrites

32
Q

What is white matter

A

Myelinated axons

33
Q

What is the central canal

A

Space filled with cerebrospinal fluid

34
Q

Define reflex arc

A

Circuit from sensory to muscle response

35
Q

Explain how a reflex arc works

A

Starts with a sensory stimulation, for instance with a pinch of the skin. Information travels via the sensory nerve into the spinal cord and connects to a so-called intrinsic neuron.

36
Q

Name the three major dimensions of the brain

A

Forebrain. Midbrain. Hindbrain.

37
Q

How many major divisions are there in the brain and name them.

A

There are 3 major divisions of the brain, called forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain.

38
Q

How many sections are there within the hindbrain, and name them

A

Four. Medulla, Reticular Formation, Pons and Cerebellum.

39
Q

Describe the medulla

A

Tracts carrying signals between rest of the brain and the body. Controls some vital reflexes

40
Q

Give some examples of what reflexes can be controlled by the medulla

A

Breathing, heart rate, vomiting, salivation, coughing and sneezing.

41
Q

Describe the reticular formation

A

Plays important role in arousal, sleep, attention, movement, cardiac and circulatory responses

42
Q

Describe the Pons

A

Axons from each side of the hemisphere cross

43
Q

Describe the cerebellum

A

Important sensorimotor structure. Seems involved in cognitive functions

44
Q

How many sections are there within the Midbrain and name them

A

Two; Tectum and Tegmentum

45
Q

Describe the roles of the Tectum

A

Dorsal part of the midbrain. Superior colliculi which has important visual functions and inferior colliculi which has important auditory functions.

46
Q

Describe the roles of the Tegmentum

A

Ventral part of the midbrain. Consists of nuclei from the reticular formation, the red nucleus and the substantia nigra. It has sensorimotor functions - part of the system that deteriorates in Parkinson’s disease

47
Q

Name the two major sections within the Forebrain

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

48
Q

Name the two major sections within the Hindbrain

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

49
Q

Name the major sections of the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

50
Q

Describe the Thalamus

A

Sensory relay except for olfactory information

51
Q

Describe the Hypothalamus

A

Important for regulation of motivation behaviours. Regulates release of hormones from pituitary gland

52
Q

Name the largest division of the brain

A

Forebrain - Telencephalon

53
Q

Describe what the forebrain - telencephalon does

A

Initiates voluntary movement, interprets sensory input, mediates complex cognitive processes.

54
Q

Name the main 3 parts of the forebrain

A

Cerebral cortex basal ganglia and limbic system

55
Q

Describe the basal ganglia

A

Several structures that play a major role for voluntary motor responses. Has a pathway from substantia nigra to striatum that is deteriorated in Parkinsons’s disease

56
Q

Explain the process for Parkinsons disease that reduces tremor

A

Electrodes implanted deep inside the brain and targeting brain regions with electrical stimulation - Globus pallidus within the Basal ganglia region

57
Q

Describe the Limbic system

A

Regulation of motivated behaviours and emotions. Includes the Amygala, hippocampus and cingulate cortex

58
Q

Name three divisions within the Limbic system within the Forebrain

A

Amygdala, hippocampus and cingulate cortex

59
Q

Explain as much as possible about the Cerebral cortex

A

Outer surface of cerebral hemispheres. Deeply convoluted to increase surface of the cortex. Neurons communicate across hemispheres mainly through the corpus callosum

60
Q

What are large furrows

A

Fissures

61
Q

What are small furrows

A

Sulci

62
Q

How many large fissures does the brain have?

A

3

63
Q

Name the 3 large fissures of the brain

A

Longitudinal fissure - separates the two hemispheres. Central fissure - runs vertically along the lateral side of the hemispheres. Lateral fissures - runs horizontally along the lateral side of the hemispheres, roughly at the height of the ears

64
Q

How many lobes is each hemisphere of the brain divided into and name them.

A

There are 4 lobes within each hemisphere. Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Central fissure and Lateral fissure

65
Q

Describe what the Occipital lobe is and does

A

Main input from thalamic nuclei that receive visual input. Posterior pole = primary visual cortex. Destruction of V1 causes blindness in related part of the visual field

66
Q

Describe what the Parietal lobe is and does

A

Area posterior to the central sulcus. Postcentral gyrus = primary somatosensory cortex - which receives main input from touch sensations & muscle stretch receptors. and sensory homunculus. Includes area which are relevant for spatial information, numerical information and attentional processes. Lesions in the right PL often result in hemispatial neglect - disregard of the contralesional world.

67
Q

If there is damage to the right hemisphere which visual field is implicated

A

left

68
Q

Describe what the temporal lobe is

A

Primary target for auditory information. Left side relevant to understand spoken language. Medial part is about memory, and inferior part deals with complex aspects of vision

69
Q

What part of the frontal lobe is the primary motor cortex and what does it do

A

Precentral gyrus. Movement control

70
Q

What is the anterior portion of the frontal lobe and what does it do

A

Prefrontal cortex. Receives and integrates input from all sensory systems. Important for all higher cognitive functions e.g. working memory and planning.

71
Q

Describe the 5 processes in the development of neurons

A
  1. Production of neurons and glia from stem cells. 2. Neurons move toward their eventual destinations in the brain. 3. Growth of axon and then dendrites. 4. Myelination - continues for decades. 5. Formation of synapses - continues throughout life.
72
Q

Are neurons formed after birth

A

No. UNLESS olfactory or hippocampus neurons

73
Q

How many neurons are produced

A

About 50% more than needed

74
Q

What results in rearrangement of synapses

A

Cell death and activity of the incoming axon

75
Q

When can cell death neurons and synapses die

A

When not activated by experience

76
Q

What does experience lead to

A

Increased dendritic and axonal branching, synaptogensis and rearrangement of synpases

Biological Psychology (11 decks)

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