lecture 5 Flashcards
what are the 2 types of minerals
- macrominerals
- microminerals
what are the macrominerals and where do you usually get them
- Ca (forage)
- P (grain)
- Mg (forage)
- Na (salt lick)
- Cl (salt lick)
- K (forage)
Which minerals are the most needed
macrominerals
what are the different microminerals
- Copper
- Zinc (Zn)
- Iodine (I)
- Iron (Fe)
- Manganese (Mn)
- Selenium (Se)
T or F: the Ca:P ration is especially important in horses ? And tell the ration
True and the ration needs to be >1.5-2:1
Explain important facts about Ca
- High in forage (legume>hay)
- Ca absorption in the Gi tract and kidney (mediated by vit D3)
- Stored in bone
- Excess is excreted in urine
what will happen if Ca levels in the body is too high ?
The thyroid gland will release calcitonin which will
- increase Ca deposition in the bones
- decrease Ca uptake by the intestine
- decrease reabsorption from urine
what will happen when Ca levels are too low ?
Parathyroid gland will release PTH which will
- increase Ca release from bone
- increase uptake by the intestine
- increase Ca reabsorption from urine
what is the function of Ca
- muscle contraction (skeletal and cardiac, GI tract smooth)
- Blood coagulation
- nerve conduc.
- cell membrane function
- Regulation of enzyme
Explain important facts about P
- high concentration in grain
- absoption : S.I
- competes with Ca
why is the Ca:P ratio so imortant
because P competes with Ca for absorption. Ca is especially important during growth so you have to be even more vigilant during that time and therefore the ratio should be >1.5:1
what is the function of P
- ATP formation
- Part of cellular phospholipid bilayer
- found in DNA
Which diet is likely to give an inverted Ca:P ration ?
a diet consisting mainly of grains
- Should give rofage because the P amount is very low
an iverted Ca:P ratio (1:4) can lead to what disease
Nutritional 2nd hyperparathyroidism
- a big head
Explain important facts about Na
- Major ECF cation
- maintain acid-base balance
- works in excitable cells (A.P.)
- help in transport of glucose
- Usually supplemented
Can horse get Na intoxication
Yes if they always have access to salt blocks
Explain important facts about Cl
- primary ECF anion
- it follows Na
- Usually there is always enough Cl
- Regulation of acid-base balance
- component of Bile + gastric HCL
Explain important facts about Mg
- influences neuromuscular health
- 60% in Skeleton
- cofactor for NA/K ATPase pump
Source: forage
Explain important facts about K
main ICF cation - acid-base balance - osmotic balance - skeletal muscle excitability - Na/K ATP ase pump Source: In high concentration in forage *horses in anorexia WILL get a deficiency
Copper is associated with what and by what is it’s absorption influenced
- It is associated wil connective tissue and bones. Getting a deficiency could cause –> developmental orthopedic disease = osteochondosis disease (OCD)
- absorption influence with Zn
which horse will requirer a higher need of Copper
growing horses
Explain important facts about Se
Function as an Antioxidant
Deficiency: white muscle disease
- concentration in feed depend on soil
Se deficiency
- acute = blind staggers - appears blind and sweating
- chronic = cracks in hoofs and hair loss
- when suppl. Se you have to test the soils to see how much there is
how can a nutritional requirement of most horses be met ?
by feeding good quality hay/ pasture, water and a trace mineral salt block
why should you be careful when feeding grainss
because you may feed fat in the same process
what will increase the risk of colic
- horse in a stable compared to pasture
T or F: grains are structural CHO
false they are non-structural CHO
T or F: common forage should be 30-40% crude fiber ?
true
ideally a horse should be fed how much of its body weight in forage = fiber
1.5-2%
what are example of grass hay
- timothy (most popular)
- coastal bermuda
- brome/ orchard
- blue grass
what are example of legume hay
- alfalfa
- clover
legume have higher concentration of what compared to grass hay
- protein : 2-3X more
- Ca: 2-3X more
(higher risk to get enterolith stones in kidney)
what should you be looking for when bailing alfalfa
should watch for blister beetle
- they are very aggressive for the GI tract
hay may be processed in
- cubed/ chopped
- pellets
- fermented as silage = Haylage = more moist so easier to eat
what is the disadvantage of feeding silage
- more moist so higher risk for molds
- increase chances of ulcers because they have less saliva because they chew less
T or F: VFA are responsible for 90% of the horses daily energy
False: 30-70%
During harvest an early cut will lead to what
- lower fiber
- higher protein
- higher platable and digestability
- this is better for working horse
During harvest a late cut will lead to what
- high fiber
- low protein
- less digestible
- benefits ponies**
what can you do to identify dust, mold and weed in hay
- smell – odor = condition
what can moldy hay cause
- Recurrent airway obstructive
- colic
what are the hay quality determinants
- stage of maturity at harvest
- color/odor and condition
- foreign material
does Avoid straw has a good fiber quality
No it has a very poor digestibility and can increase the risk of colic, and recurrent airway obstruction (asma)
Does Avoid round bales has good quality
- can have botulism and can increase recurrent airway obstruction
- If you have a lot of horses then it is fine but you don’t want them to “live” in them = lots dust
describe beet pulp forage
- high digestible fiber <28%
- easy to chew
Problem: because it is a dehydrated format, it has to be soaked into water 15 min prior feeding it to a horse otherwise, you increase the risk of chocking since it increase in diameter when soaked
describe bran forage
- fiber content :15% difficult to meet the fiber requirement
- has high P content so you have to be careful with it
what are are some common wheat bran
- rice bran
- soy been bran
- flax seed bran
- Bran mash
what are the advantages and disadvantages of letting the animal graize
Advantage: get all tehre vitamins, minerals and energy
Disadvantage: high non-structural CHO in spring grass which can cause colic and laminitis
why is it better to let a horse graze early in the morning
tubers is high in the afternoon and low in the morning so you decrease the chances of laminitis by feeding in the morning
