lecture 4 Flashcards
what are the type of fat
- saturated
- solid at room temp
- NOT suitable as equine fat supplement because it is hard at room temp. and the horse won’t eat it. - unsaturated (double bonds)
- liquid at room temp.
fat is ingested as what
TAG
100% of fat is absorbed where ?
in S.I
what acts as a detergent in fat digestion
bile acid is continuously made because they do not have a gallbladder
Digested fat will travel to the liver in the lymphatic system as
chylomicron
T or F: there is more capacity for fat digestion then for starch digestion in the S.I of horses
true
what breed of horses are prone to miss-use fat
- poneys
- donkey
- miniature horses
lead to hyperlipidimia = lots of TAG in bloodstream
T of F: fat is a good suppl. to give to a high performance horse it give rise to a lot of energy however it can give “hot” horse
False it is not like NSC it will give lots of energy and keep the horse calm
what percentage of fat should be given to a pleasure horse
2-4%
- horses typically consume <2-3% fat/day
fat has 1. more energy density than CHO
2.5x more
why should you start feeding fat in a slow manner
because the microbes in the S.I are not use to it
what are the source of fat in equine diets
- unsaturated
1. vegetable oil = 100% fat which is usually the one suppl.
2. stabilized rice bran = 20%
3. pelleted feed supplemented with 6-12% fat
4. fish oil high in Omega 3 however horse do not like it because it has a bad smell
- unsaturated
protein is necessary for what
- growth
- maintenance
- repair
proteins are broken down to 1. in the 2.
- amino acid
2. s.i.
protien help form what
should be 7-20% of the diet
- muscle
- hair
- hoof
- skin
T of F: protein is a source of protien
true
what are the risks of feeding too much protein
urea in urine increase which can cause respiratory problem if the horse is confined to a stale and can cause environmental problems
what is the major enzyme for protein digestion in the stomach and in the s.i.
- pepsinogen-pepsin
2. pancreatic trypsin
there is limited digestion of protein in
L.I
what are the forage with high protein content
- legumes: alfalfa, soybeans
- seeds: oil seeds
what are the most important EAA
lysin and methionine (most expansive ones too)
T or F: Vit are not essential for normal metabolism but are suppl. to increase the immune system
False they are essential for normal metabolism in all animals
horses is capable of synthesizing what type of vitamins
vit B, C, D and K
what are the essential vitamins in horses
vit A and E
vitamine supplementation requirement is dependent on
the quality of rouphage
T or F: in fresh grass there will be enough vitamins. However if it is process to hay there will be loos of vitamins especially vitamin B
False loss of vit E especially; vit B can be synthesized by the horse
Fat soluble vit. excess = 1.
Water sol. vit. excess = 2.
- toxicity
2. excretion
role in night vision, cell differnetiation, and immune response to infection
vit. A
what is the precursor of Vit A and what is it’s active form
beta-carotene –> retinol
- transported to liver for storage = 3-6 month supply
where can the horse gets vit A from
high quality leafy forage
pasture grazing
what is the plasma conc. of vit A in deficiency (1.) and toxicity 2.
deficiency = <10 ug/dl toxicity = 40-60 ug/dl (fragile bones/ hyperostosis/ teratogenesis)
what is the function of Vit D
helps in maintaining the normal calcium: phosphorus balance
tocopherols/ tocotrienols
- essential antioxidant
- immune function
- DNA sunthesis
vit E
where will the hoses gets Vit E
high quality hay and grain
- there will be a 80% loss in cutting and bailing process = if you make hay with grass
what will a deficiency in Vit E cause
- white muscle disease (Se)
- should give Vit E to mare so that foal gets it through the milk - Equome degenerative Myeloencephalopathy
- Equine Motor Neuron Disease > 2 y/o
- coagulation
- phylloguinones (#1: dietary)
- Menaquinones (#3: produced by intestinal microbes)
Vit K
what cause a deficiency in Vit K
- rodenticide ingestion; wafarin block vit K absorption
- moldy clover ingestion: coumarin converts to dicoumarol
- any disease of L.I that affects the microbial propulation will dicrease production of vit K
B1:
B2:
B7:
B12:
1= thiamin - nerve transmission 2= riboflavin - ATP synthesis/ lipib meta 7= biotin - hoof quality 12= cobalamine - synth. of RBC
where is the vit C produced ?
in the liver from glucose
when should you supplement Vit C to growing animals
during stressful period like during weaning
