lecture 5

Question 1

what are mitochondria only in

Answer 1

eukaryotes

Question 2

what do anaerobes do

Answer 2

capture and utilize energy by oxygen independent metabolism

Question 3

what do aerobes do

Answer 3

use oxygen to extract more energy from organic molecules

Question 4

where does the utilization of oxygen as a means of energy extraction occur in eukaryotes

Answer 4

mitochondria

Question 5

what are the 5 roles of mitochondria

Answer 5

production of ATP
regulation of innate immunity
calcium homeostasis
programmed cell death
stem cell regulation

Question 6

where does the Krebs cycle occur

Answer 6

mitochondria

Question 7

where do protons get pumped into to form a protein gradient

Answer 7

inter membrane space

Question 8

what increases surface area to increase metabolic activity

Answer 8

cristae

Question 9

where does protein synthesis occur

Answer 9

ribosomes

Question 10

what encodes for 13 proteins needed for cellular respiration? where do we get it from

Answer 10

mitochondrial DNA
comes from our moms

Question 11

what are the 2 proteins that the mitochondria needs?

Answer 11

TOM and TIM

TOM is for translocate of outer membrane
TIM is for translocation of inner membrane

Question 12

where does glycolysis occur

Answer 12

cytosol

Question 13

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur

Answer 13

inner mitochondrial membrane

Question 14

where does the citric acid cycle occur

Answer 14

mitochondria

Question 15

whats the first step in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 15

glycolysis

Question 16

does glycolysis need oxygen

Answer 16

no

Question 17

whats the energy input of glycolysis

Answer 17

2 ATP

Question 18

what are the products of glycolysis (3)

Answer 18

2 pyruvate
4 ATP
2 NADH

Question 19

whats the net gain of glycolysis

Answer 19

2 ATP

Question 20

whats the composition of ATP

Answer 20

adenine
ribose
3 phosphate group

Question 21

does the addition of a phosphate require energy

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

what are the 2 electron shuttles

Answer 22

NAD+
FAD+

Question 23

is NAD+ the reduced of oxidized form

Answer 23

oxidized

Question 24

where is NAD+ derived from

Answer 24

B vitamins

Question 25

what are the anaerobic fates of pyruvate

Answer 25

fermentation

Question 26

what is the primary fate of pyruvate under aerobic conditions

Answer 26

converted to acetyl coa and put into Krebs cycle

Question 27

does the Krebs cycle itself require O2?

Answer 27

no but the substrates that is produces does and the final acceptor is O2

Question 28

where does fermentation occur

Answer 28

cytosol

Question 29

what is the process of fermentation

Answer 29

NAD+ is regenerated from glucose

Question 30

when does fermentation occur

Answer 30

in muscles when you have insufficient oxygen supply and it produces lactate

Question 31

whats the 2nd step in oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 31

citric acid cycle

Question 32

whats the main source of energy for cells

Answer 32

citric acid cycle

Question 33

whats the input for the citrus acid cycle

Answer 33

acetyl coa

Question 34

what are the products of TCA cycle

Answer 34

3 NADH 1 FADH2 1 GTP

Question 35

whats the net gain of ATP for TCA

Answer 35

12

Question 36

how many ATP does NADH create in TCA

Answer 36

3

Question 37

how many ATP does FADH2 create in TCA

Answer 37

2

Question 38

how many carbons is citrate

Answer 38

6

Question 39

whats the first step in TCA

Answer 39

oxaloacetate + acetyl coa turning into citrate

Question 40

what other pathways can bring additions to the TCA cycle

Answer 40

fatty acid cycle catabolism of amino acids

Question 41

what does the glycerol phosphate shuttle do

Answer 41

gets NADH formed in the cytosol through the membrane by converting it to glycerol 3 phosphate

Question 42

what are the 2 co enzymes produced by the TCA cycle

Answer 42

FADH2 NADH

Question 43

what are the 2 steps to oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 43

electron transport chain chemiosmosis

Question 44

what is chemiosmosis

Answer 44

the coupling of electron gradient to the actual production of ATP

Question 45

what is a strong reducer good at

Answer 45

giving other molecules electrons

Question 46

whats an example of a strong reducing agent

Answer 46

NADH

Question 47

where is the electron transport chain

Answer 47

inner membrane

Question 48

what enzymes use flavoproteins in the mitochondria

Answer 48

NADH dehydrogenase (electron transport chain) succinate dehydrogenase (TCA cycle)

Question 49

what are cytochromes

Answer 49

heme groups with Fe or Cu metal ions

Question 50

how many types of cytochromes are there in the electron transport chain

Answer 50

3

Question 51

what is ubiquinone (coenzyme q)

Answer 51

non fixed liquid soluble molecules made of 5 carbon isoprenoid units

Question 52

do iron sulfure proteins have a heme group

Answer 52

no

Question 53

how are carriers arranged In the electron transport chain

Answer 53

in order of increasingly positive redox potential

Question 54

whats the final electron acceptor

Answer 54

O2 that gets reduced to water

Question 55

whats the first complex

Answer 55

NADH dehydrogenase

Question 56

what does complex 1 do

Answer 56

accepts electrons from NADH and transfers them to ubiquinone

Question 57

what is complex 2

Answer 57

succinate dehydrogenase

Question 58

what does complex 2 do

Answer 58

oxidizes succinate to fumigate and transfers electrons from FADH2 to ubiquinone

Question 59

does complex 2 pump electrons through

Answer 59

no

Question 60

how many protons does complex 1 pump through

Answer 60

4

Question 61

what does ubiquinone (coenzyme q) do

Answer 61

transports electrons from complex 1 and 2 to complex 3

Question 62

what does complex 3 do

Answer 62

transfers electrons from coenzyme q to cytochrome c

Question 63

how many protons does complex 3 pump

Answer 63

4

Question 64

what does cytochrome c do

Answer 64

transfers electrons rom complex 3 to complex 4

Question 65

how many protons does complex 4 pump

Answer 65

2

Question 66

what complex contains a heme group

Answer 66

2

Question 67

how many protons are taken up from the matrix for every molecule of O2 reduced

Answer 67

8

Question 68

what energies are components of the proton motor force

Answer 68

pH gradient electric potential (voltage)

Question 69

what is the structure of ATP synthase

Answer 69

F1 particle is the catalytic subunit with 3 catalytic sites for ATP synthesis F0 particle is embedded in the inner membrane with the base that contains channel moving protons from intermembrane space to matrix

Question 70

what is mitochondrial fission

Answer 70

the process of a mitochondria dividing into 2 for reproduction purposes

Question 71

what is mitochondrial fusion

Answer 71

the process of 2 mitochondria merging together to repair one or grow by mixing components