Lecture 16

Question 1

What does gene expression describe?

Answer 1

DNA to RNA to protein
But it could also just be DNA to RNA (transcription)

Question 2

Is just transcription enough to say gene expression?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What’s the driving force of RNA folding

Answer 3

Complementary base pairing

Question 4

What’s the structure of folded RNA

Answer 4

Double stranded stems connected by loops

Question 5

Can there be non standard base pairing in RNA folding?

Answer 5

Yes

Question 6

What are the coding RNA? (3)

Answer 6

mRNA
tRNA
rRNA

Question 7

What cells have RNA polymerase

Answer 7

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Question 8

What is RNA polymerase dependent on

Answer 8

DNA
It needs a DNA template

Question 9

Does RNA polymerase require a primer

Answer 9

No

Question 10

Is DNA or RNA polymerase faster

Answer 10

DNA is faster

Question 11

What direction does RNA polymerase read in

Answer 11

3’ to 5’ direction

Question 12

Does RNA polymerase have a proof reading function

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What does processive mean

Answer 13

Moves completely from one end of the strand to another to ensure accurate transcription

Question 14

What is unique about RNA polymerase regarding the amount of transcripts

Answer 14

Multiple transcripts from one gene

Question 15

What direction is RNA synthesized in

Answer 15

5’ to 3’

Question 16

What is the coding strand also called

Answer 16

Non template strand

Question 17

What does the template strand help with

Answer 17

It will complimentary base pair with RNA molecule (it provides the template)

Question 18

What is at the 3’ end

Answer 18

A hydroxyl group that will form the phosphodiester bond

Question 19

What are the 3 stages of transcription

Answer 19

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

Question 20

What happens during initiation (3)

Answer 20

RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA sequence
DNA unwound
RNA synthesis begins

Question 21

What happens during elongation

Answer 21

RNA polymerase moves along DNA synthesizing RNA

Question 22

What happens during termination

Answer 22

RNA polymerase encounters stop signal in DNA

Question 23

Where does transcription of the gene start

Answer 23

Promoters

Question 24

Where will all promoters be found

Answer 24

Upstream of our transcribed gene (before)

Question 25

What is a transcription unit

Answer 25

All parts of a DNA segment involved in transcription

Question 26

What allows RNA polymerase binding

Answer 26

Specific DNA sequences

Question 27

What are the 2 promoter regions within bacterial cells

Answer 27

-35 -10

Question 28

What's the start site for transcription

Answer 28

+1

Question 29

What determines which strand is transcribed

Answer 29

Asymmetry of promotor

Question 30

Where does transcription happen in prokaryotic cells

Answer 30

Cytosol

Question 31

Where does transcription happen in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 31

Nucleus

Question 32

What is an operon

Answer 32

Cluster of genes transcribed together into single RNA molecule

Question 34

Where does separation of DNA strands occur

Answer 34

-10

Question 35

How many RNA polymerase do prokaryotes have

Answer 35

1

Question 36

How many subunits in prokaryotic RNA polymerase

Answer 36

5 subunits

Question 37

What makes up prokaryotic RNA polymerase

Answer 37

5 subunits (core enzyme) + sigma factor

Question 38

What does the sigma factor of RNA polymerase do

Answer 38

Helps with binding of RNA polymerase to its promotor

Question 39

When does the conformational change in RNA polymerase happen in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 39

After ~10 nucleotide sequences

Question 40

What is the conformational change of RNA polymerase in prokaryotic cells

Answer 40

Sigma factor dissociates

Question 41

What does RNA polymerase in prokaryotic cells require to dissociate

Answer 41

P factor to release it

Question 42

How many types of RNA polymerase in eukaryotic transcription

Answer 42

3 types

Question 43

What is RNA polymerase I

Answer 43

Most rRNA

Question 44

What is RNA polymerase II

Answer 44

mRNA

Question 45

What is RNA polymerase III

Answer 45

tRNA

Question 46

What does initiation of eukaryotic gene transcription require

Answer 46

Higher order chromatin structure

Question 47

What does elongation look like in eukaryotic cells

Answer 47

Transcription bubble with supercooled DNA ahead and underwound DNA behind

Question 48

Which RNA polymerase is processive in eukaryotic cells

Answer 48

RNAP II

Question 49

Which DNA is to be transcribed? Downstream or upstream

Answer 49

Downstream

Question 50

How does the RNA transcript exit the RNA polymerase

Answer 50

Via a channel

Question 51

how many subunits in eukaryotic RNA polymerase

Answer 51

10-17

Question 52

which RNA polymerase does transcription into RNA in eukaryotic cells

Answer 52

RNA polymerase II

Question 53

what 3 things are needed to transcribe DNA in eukaryotic cells

Answer 53

RNA polymerase II general transcription factors Promotor

Question 54

what makes up the pre-initiation complex (2)

Answer 54

RNA polymerase II general transcription factors

Question 55

what recognizes the promotor

Answer 55

the pre initiation complex

Question 56

whats a common promotor in eukaryotic cells

Answer 56

TATA box

Question 57

where is the TATA box usually found

Answer 57

24-32 bases upstream of initiation site

Question 58

what are the 4 common promotor elements

Answer 58

B recognition element TATA box initiator downstream promoter element

Question 59

are all 4 promoter sequences always present in eukaryotic cells

Answer 59

no usually only 2 or 3 of the sequences are present