Lecture 5 Flashcards
What is a need?
Any condition within the person that is essential and necessary for life, growth, and well-being
What does nurturing & satisfying a need do?
Causes growth, maintains life, & enhances well-being
What does neglecting or frustrating a need do?
Need’s thwarting will produce damage that disrupts biological or psychological well being
What is a physiological need?
Biological condition in an organism that synchronizes brain structures, hormones, & major organs to regulate bodily well-being
What is an example of a physiological need?
Thirst, hunger, and sex
What is a psychological need?
An inherent (inborn) psychological process that underlies the proactive desire to seek out interactions that promote personal growth, social development, & psychological well-being
What are examples of psychological needs?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
What are implicit motives as a need?
internalized or learned from our emotional & socialization histories
What are examples of implicit motives as a need?
Achievement, affiliation & power
What is an implicit motive?
They are enduring, unconscious needs that motivate people’s behavior toward the attainment of specific social incentives
What is an example of a achievement social incentive for implicit motive?
Doing something well to show personal competence
What is an example of a affiliation social incentive for implicit motive?
Opportunity to please others and gain their approval
What is an example of a intimacy/affiliation social incentive for implicit motive?
Involvement in a warm and secure relationship
What is an example of a power as a social incentive for implicit motive?
Having an impact on others
Define implicit
unconscious, implicit social needs (motives) operate unconsciously
Define explicit
conscious, explicit social needs operate consciously
How are implicit motives acquired?
Implicit motives or social needs are internalized or learned from our emotional and socialization histories (parents praise academic achievement)
Early childhood experiences are important for acquiring implicit motives (as your exposed to certain positive experiences they become more internalized)
Implicit motives are activated by certain social incentives & positive emotions
Culture impacts these motives
Repeating positive experiences that act as a conditioning process
What makes you happy?
What traits does someone with a need for achievement have?
someone with a strong achievement need experiences strong interest, enthusiasm, joy, & pride while doing a challenging task
What traits does someone with a need for affiliation have?
someone with a strong need for affiliation “needs” to experience positive affect & positive emotions while engaging themselves in a close relationship
What traits does someone with a need for power have?
Someone with a strong power need “needs” to experience positive affect & positive emotions when given an opportunity for social impact
How can implicit motives be measured?
Murray designed the TAT (Thematic Apperception Test) which includes several ambiguous pictures that individuals are asked to create a story about
The current measure is called PSE (picture story exercise) which includes Murray’s pictures & some new variations
The basic idea is that people project their needs and motives into the stories
What is an example of a negative experience that can impact the development of achievement?
parents don’t place value or reward you for your achievements
What is an example of a negative experience that can impact the development of affiliation?
having someone betray you
What is an example of a negative experience that can impact the development of power?
being humiliated
What is the need for achievement?
Need or desire to do things well, feel pleasure in overcoming obstacles, to excel, & to live up to high standards
What are characteristics of individuals high in need for achievement?
Persist in the face of difficulty, take personal responsibility for successes and failures, more resistant to social pressures and less conforming, more likely to pursue paths of academics, more likely to seek life and career situations that allow them to satisfy this need & get along better with others
What are some strengths of projective tests?
lets people express their concerns unlike a self-report
What are weaknesses of projective tests
expensive, up for interpretation, other factors could be contributing to the results
What are socialization influences on the achievement need?
Independence training, high performance aspirations, realistic and explicit standards of excellence, high ability self-concepts, positive valuing of achievement-related pursuits, a wide scope of experiences like traveling & an exposure to children’s readings rich in achievement imagery
What are inhibiting factors for the need for achievement?
Fear of failure, low self-efficacy, lack of support, cultural or social pressure, perfectionism and unrealistic standards & lack of clear goals or direction
What are the 3 conditions that satisfy a need for achievement?
Moderately difficult tasks, competition & entrepreneurship (allows them to set their own standard of excellence)
What are the developmental influences on the achievement need?
Achievement –related beliefs, values, and emotions all show predictable developmental patterns: Pride following success experiences fuels high achievement strivings, while Shame following failure experiences fuels low achievement strivings
What was the need for affiliation conceptualized as in early studies?
establishing, maintaining, or restoring a positive, affective relationship with another person or persons
What is the more modern view of affiliation strivings?
now recognizes its two facets: the need for approval and the need for intimacy
What is the intimacy motive?
a concern for the quality of one’s social involvement. It is a willingness to “experience a warm, close, and communicative exchange with another person”
What is the need-involving condition of the affiliation need?
Deprivation from
social interaction:
Social isolation and
fear
What is the duality of affiliation?
Affiliation need – the deficiency-oriented motive
Intimacy need – growth-oriented motive
What is the need-involving condition of the affiliation need?
deprivation from social interaction: Social isolation and fear
What is the need-satisfying condition of the affiliation need?
social acceptance, approval, and reassurance
What is the need-involving condition of the intimacy need?
Interpersonal caring, warmth, and love
What is the need-satisfying condition of the affiliation need?
relatedness within a warm, close, reciprocal, and enduring relationships
What are the characteristics of people with a high need for affiliation?
Perform well under conditions that support their need to be accepted and included, experience high levels of anxiety via a fear of rejection, prefer helping professions, avoid conflict with others, & resist making demands on other people
How can the need for affiliation cause fear & anxiety?
people desire to affiliate for emotional support and to see how others handle fear and anxiety
How can the affiliation need help establishing interpersonal networks?
people with a high need for affiliation spend time interacting with others, join social groups, and establish stable and long lasting relationships
How can the affiliation need help maintain interpersonal networks?
people with high need for affiliation strive to maintain relationships
What are the characteristics of people with a high need for intimacy?
Tend to have more one-to-one exchanges with other
people, involved in more self-disclosure, likely to engage in mutual sharing of hopes and fears, engage in more laughing, smiling and eye contact with
others
What are the inhibiting factors for the need for affiliation?
Fear of rejection, early experiences of neglect, social anxiety, attachment insecurity, trauma and trust issues, busy or isolated lifestyle & mental health issues
Tendency to seek out positions of authority or influence
and surround themselves with symbols of power, high need to control positive image of self to others, & can have tendency to be narcissistic and self-absorbed
What is the need for power?
People high in the need for power desire to have “impact, control, or influence over another person, group, or the world at large”
Impact allows power-needing individuals to establish power
Control allows power-needing individuals to maintain power
Influence allows power-needing individuals to expand their power
What is a strength of need for power?
increased goal pursuit
What is a weakness of need for power?
Decreased perspective taking (less empathy, more transactional)
What is the leadership motive pattern?
A special variant of the need for power, where people are high need for power, low need for affiliation, & high self-control
Good results in people in leadership positions such as managers, politician
What are the inhibiting factors for the need of power?
Fear of responsibility or leadership, negative past experiences with power, fear of conflict or rejection, overly egalitarian beliefs, low self-esteem, excessive focus on people-pleasing & lack of role model
