Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is motivation?
Any internal process that gives behavior its energy, direction & persistence
What is the energy of motivation?
Behavior has strength
What is the direction of motivation?
Behavior has purpose
What is persistence of motivation?
Behavior has endurance
Studying motivation
Study of all internal processes that energize, direct, & sustain behavior
What is science?
provide answers to motivational questions, require objective, data-based, empirical evidence gained from well-conducted & peer-reviewed research findings
What are internal motives?
Content of motivation concerns all those internal processes that give behavior its energy, & direction
What are the needs of internal motives?
Things within the person that are necessary for maintaining life & nurturing growth & wellbeing
What are cognitions of internal motives?
Mental events such as beliefs, thoughts, expectations, plans, goals, strategies, appraisals, attributions, & the self-concept
What are emotions of internal motives?
Coordinated feeling arousal purposive expressive reactions to the significant events in our lives (ex. An opportunity, threat, loss, etc.)
How is motivation expressed through behavior?
7 expressions of motivation are effort, long persistence, short latency (how long it takes to get started), purposeful choice, high probability of occurrence, facial expression, & bodily gestures
How is motivation expressed through engagement?
Behavior (effort & persistence), emotion (interest, enjoyment, low anger, low frustration), cognition (sophisticated learning strategies & active self-regulation), & agency (offers suggestions, makes contributions, & asks questions)
How is motivation expressed through psychophysiology?
The process where psychological states (motivation & emotion) produce changes in one’s physiology & is the study of the interaction between bodily & mental states
How is motivation expressed through brain activations?
Brain activity, hormonal activity, cardiovascular, ocular activity, electrodermal activity, & skeletal activity
What is brain activity as a brain activation for internal motives?
Activation of brain structures such as the amygdala (fear) or prefrontal cortex (setting goals)
What is hormonal activity as a brain activation?
Chemicals in saliva or blood,
such as cortisol (stress) or
catecholamines (fight-or-flight
reaction)
What is cardiovascular as a brain activation?
Contraction and relaxation of
the heart and blood vessels as
in response to attractive
incentives, difficult/challenging
tasks)
What is ocular activity as a brain activation?
Eye behaviour—pupil size
(extent of mental activity), eye
blinks (changing cognitive
states), and eye movements
(reflective thought)
What is electrodermal activity as a brain activation?
Electrical changes on the
surface of the skin (as in
response to a significant or
threatening event)
What is skeletal activity as a brain activation?
Activity of the musculature, as
with facial expressions (specific
emotion) and bodily gestures
(desire to leave)
How is motivation expressed in self-reports?
Asking people about their experiences, self-reports are inexpensive and easy to obtain, & they help us understand people’s personal points of view
What is emotion?
Complex psychological states involving subjective experience, physiological response, and behavioral expression
What is the framework of understanding motivation & emotion?
Antecedent conditions (environmental events & social contexts) influences motive status (need, cognition, emotion), which energizes, directs & sustains (behavior, engagement, psychophysiology, brain activity, & self-report), which causes changes in life outcomes (performance, achievement, learning,. adjustment, skill, talent, & well-being)
What is the glycostatic hypothesis for short-term appetite?
increase/decrease in glucose signals to increase or decrease eating, increase in glucose signals to stop eating & when glucose decreases it signals to start eating
What is the lipostatic hypothesis for long-term energy balance?
Is the fat tissue secretes ghrelin when hungry & leptin when full/satisfied, ghrelin peaks at eating times & then causes a rapid decrease after eating, will stop sending a signal for individuals with chronic eating disorders
What is set point theory?
everyone has a genetically pre-determined body weight or set point which is resistant to change, we can’t truly know what our set point is, it’s a range, & be attuned to your body’s needs
What are environmental influences for eating?
time of day, food appearance, time of day, eating with others eating increases
