Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is extrinsic motivation?
An environmentally created reason (e.g., incentives or consequences) to engage in an action or activity (do this to get that type of motivation)
What is extrinsic motivation incentive?
An environmental event that attracts or repels a person toward or away from initiating a particular course of action. Always precede behavior
What is extrinsic motivation consequence?
like an incentive but always follows behavior
What is extrinsic motivation reward?
any offering from one person given to another person in exchange for their service or achievement
What is a positive reinforcer?
Is any environmental stimulus that, when added increases the future probability of the desired behavior
What is a negative reinforcer?
any environmental stimulus that, when removed, increases the future probability of the desired behaviour
What is a positive punisher?
any environmental stimulus that, when added, decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior
What is a negative punisher?
any environmental stimulus that, when removed decreases the future probability of the undesired behavior (ex. Getting a speeding ticket that takes your license, so you are less likely to speed)
What are extrinsic motivation advantages?
Useful strategy to complete a task or meet your academic, personal, or professional goals
Can motivate a whole group, thus increasing productivity in workplace or creating a better learning environment in classrooms
Extrinsic incentives lead to individual benefits (e.g., motivation to study)
Helps motivator understand the individual to get helpful feedback
What are drawbacks of extrinsic motivation?
Develops an “I must do” behaviour orientation
Lowers autonomous self-regulation
Affects cognitive skills (e.g., decrease in memory, creativity, and learning)
Can lead to procrastination and lowered productivity in long-term
Undermines intrinsic motivation
What is the intended primary effect of using a reward to engage someone in an activity?
To promote compliance
What are the unintended side effects of using a reward to engage someone in an activity?
Undermines intrinsic motivation, interferes with the quality & process of learning, & interferes with the capacity for autonomous self-regulation
What is the over-justification effect?
Occurs when an external incentive motivation decreases a person’s intrinsic motivation to perform a behavior or participate in an activity
What is an example of the over-justification effect?
Someone who once enjoyed writing is now less passionate about it after getting a paid job as a journalist
Why does the over-justification effect happen?
People pay more attention to the external reward rather than their own enjoyment of the activity and according to Cognitive Evaluation Theory, external rewards decrease a person’s autonomy
What are expected rewards?
undermine intrinsic motivation, while unexpected ones do not
What are tangible rewards?
rewards, such as money, and food, generally decrease intrinsic motivation, whereas verbal (i.e., intangible) rewards, such as praise and positive feedback, do not
How can autonomous types of extrinsic motivation be promoted through providing rational?
explain why the uninteresting activity is important and useful enough to warrant one’s engagement
How can autonomous types of extrinsic motivation be promoted through building interest?
Involves first catching one’s situational interest in an activity and then holding that initial interest over time by developing an individual interest in the activity
What is cognitive evaluation theory?
Asserts all external events have both a controlling aspect and a competence-informing aspect
The theory presumes that people have psychological needs for autonomy and competence
Posits that extrinsic motivation decreases a person’s autonomy
What is the controlling function of rewards for cognitive evaluation theory?
“If you do X then you get Y”
Decreases intrinsic motivation, interferes with learning quality, increases external regulation & undermines self-regulation
What is the informational function of rewards for cognitive evaluation theory?
“Because you were able to do X, that means you are effective & competent”
Increases intrinsic motivation, enhances high-quality learning, & enhances self-regulation
What is self-determination theory (SDT)?
states that people are motivated to grow and change by three innate (and universal) psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and relatedness)
What are the 2 key assumptions of Self-determination theory?
The need for growth drives behaviour
Autonomous motivation is important
What are self-determined behaviors?
motivated by intrinsic rewards, driven by enjoyment, interest, or satisfaction, feel in control
Non-self-determined behaviors
Motivated by extrinsic rewards, driven by obligation or responsibility, feel a lack of control
What is external regulation in self-determination theory?
seeing the cause of behavior as mostly external, lowest level of autonomy, motivated to comply based on external rewards & punishments
Ex. Why do u do your homework? Because I’ll get in trouble if I don’t
What is introjected regulation in self-determination theory?
seeing the cause of behaviour as somewhat external and there is some ego-involvement (e.g., self-esteem is affected by the outcome); an element of seeking validation from ourselves or others
Ex. Why do u do your homework? Because I want the teacher to think I’m a good student
What is identified regulation?
seeing the cause of behavior as somewhat internal and consciously assessing tasks or goals to carry personal value; feeling autonomy and volition
Ex. Why do u do your homework? Because I want to understand the subject
What is integrated regulation?
the highest level of autonomy; seeing the cause of behaviour as internal and consciously identifying and internalizing the value of tasks or goals; seeing tasks or goals as consistent with personal values and interests
Ex. why do u do your homework? Because it’s sometimes fun
What is internalization?
Refers to the process through which an individual transforms a formerly externally prescribed regulation (rule), behaviour, or value into an internally endorsed one
It is a socialization process of taking in beliefs and behaviours from external sources
It is also an active, intentional, person-initiated process
What is integration?
refers to the further transformation of these internalized values, behaviours, and regulations into the person’s sense of self to the point that they arise from and emanate out of the self
With full integration, the person - not the environment and not the society—generates the value, behavior, or regulation
What is a lack of competence?
“I can’t effectively perform the required behavior” & “I cannot obtain the desired outcomes”
What is a lack of autonomy?
“I am not interested in the task” & “the task has no appeal or meaning to me”
What is the lack of relatedness?
“I dislike the people involved with this activity” & “I have no sense of connection with others in this domain”
What are the impacts of self-determination theory?
People with self-determination feel more satisfied at work
In competitive settings, such as sports and athletics, fostering a sense of self-determination can motivate people to excel
Plays an important role in social relationships
In school settings, self-determined students are more likely to feel motivated to achieve. They also tend to feel greater levels of competence and satisfaction
What are traits of self-determined people?
Believe that they have control over their own lives
Have high intrinsic motivation
Base their actions on their own goals and behaviors
Take responsibility for their behaviors
What is intrinsic motivation?
The inherent desire to engage one’s interests and to exercise and develop one’s capacities
“I am doing this because it is … (interesting, fun, enjoyable, etc.) type of motivation
What is curiosity?
pushes us to explore and learn for the sole pleasure of learning and mastering
What is challenge?
Helps us work at a continuously optimal level work toward meaningful goals. * Control - comes from our basic desire to control what happens and make decisions that affect the outcome
What is recognition?
we have an innate need to be appreciated. We feel satisfied when our efforts are recognized and appreciated by others
What is cooperation?
cooperating with others satisfies our need for belonging. We also feel personal satisfaction when we help others and work together to achieve a shared goal
What is competition?
poses a challenge and increases the importance we place on doing well
What is fantasy?
Involves using mental or virtual images to stimulate your behavior
What is a psychological need?
an inherent source of motivation that generates the desire to interact with the environment to advance personal growth, social development, and psychological well-being
People are inherently active—always in active exchange with their environment
People need supportive, rather than hostile, environments
What is engagement?
Need satisfaction increases initiative, effort, enthusiasm, and planning
What is personal growth?
Need satisfaction increases personal development
What is intrinsic motivation?
Need satisfaction increases how interesting and how enjoyable the task is
What is internalization?
Need satisfaction increases volitional engagement in uninteresting tasks. Need satisfaction increases a health promoting lifestyle
What is health?
Need satisfaction increases a health promoting lifestyle
What is well-being?
Need satisfaction increases positive emotion and a sense of purpose
What is autonomy?
The psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behavior
HALLMARKS : Volition, inner endorsement (ownership) of behavior
What is competence?
The psychological need to be effective in one’s interactions with the environment
HALLMARKS : Effectiveness, mastery, making progress
What is relatedness?
The psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people, and it reflects the desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved in warm relationships
HALLMARKS: Feelings socially connected, giving and receiving benevolence
