Lecture 4 Flashcards
What is a psychological need?
Inherent motivation source that generates the desire to interact with environment to advance personal growth, social development & psychological well-being
We are always active in exchange with the environment
People need supportive not hostile environments
What are the effects of satisfying an engagement need?
Increases initiative, effort, enthusiasm, and planning
What are the effects of satisfying a personal growth need?
increases personal development
What are the effects of satisfying an intrinsic motivation need?
increases how interesting and how enjoyable the task is
What are the effects of satisfying a internalization need?
increases volitional engagement in uninteresting tasks
What are the effects of satisfying a health need?
increases a health promoting lifestyle
What are the effects of satisfying a well-being
Increases positive emotion and a sense of purpose
What is internal perceived locus of causality as perceived autonomy?
An individual’s understanding of the causal source of his or her motivated actions
What is volition (feeling free) as perceived autonomy?
heartfelt & unpressured willingness to engage in an activity
What is perceived choice oner one’s actions contribution to perceived autonomy?
subjective experience that one can decide to act or not to act, or to pursue one course of action rather than another course of action
What is autonomy?
Psychological need to experience self-direction & personal endorsement in the initiation & regulation of one’s behavior
Hallmarks: Volition, inner endorsement (ownership) of behavior
What is an autonomy support motivating style?
an interpersonal tone of understanding, “I am your ally”, “I am here to understand you” & “I am here to support you & your strivings”
What is a controlling motivational style?
the interpersonal tone of pressure, “I am your boss”, “I am here to monitor you”, & “I am here to change & socialize you” (some people may want this when they feel less competent)
What is supporting autonomy?
take on the other person’s perspective, nurture inner motivational resources, provide explanatory rationales, & acknowledge & accept negative affect (emotion), use invitational language, display patience, & provide choice
What does acknowledging & accepting look like?
Acknowledge the Presence of the Negative Affect (i.e., Boredom) “I see that you are not very enthusiastic about today’s lesson—a bit bored with it, no?”
Accept the Validity of the Negative Affect “Yes, I understand; we have practiced this same skill many times before, haven’t we?”
Welcome Students’ Input to Help Solve the Motivational Problem “Okay, so what might we do differently this time? Any suggestions?”
What are “either-or” choice offerings?
picking between two options instead of freely choosing (ex. Picking between two topics to write on)
What are meaningful choices that reflects people’s values & interests?
enhances sense of need-satisfying autonomy & enhance intrinsic motivation, effort, creativity, & performance (ex. Being able to write a paper on any topic)’’
What do autonomy supportive people say & do?
Listen carefully
Allow others time to talk
Provide rationale
Encourage effort
Praise progress, mastery
Ask others what they want to do
Respond to questions
Acknowledge the other’s perspective
What do controlling people say & do?
Hold back learning materials
Show correct answers
Tell correct answers
Speak directives, commands
Should, must, have to statements
Ask controlling questions
Seem demanding
What is competence?
Psychological need to be effective in one’s interactions with the environment (universal need)
Hallmarks: Effectiveness, mastery, making progress
What is the 1st stage of competence?
Unconscious incompetence – unaware of a skill & lack of proficiency (ex. Not knowing what you don’t know when starting a new job)
What is the 2nd stage of competence?
Conscious incompetence – aware of the skill & lack of proficiency (ex. You now know what you don’t know
What is the 3rd stage of competence?
Conscious competence – able to apply the skills but only with conscious effort
What is the 4th stage of competence?
Unconscious competence – performing the skill has become automatic (can become bored
What is the essence of challenges?
can you do it, can you cope successfully, can you handle whatever the environment is asking you to do
What is the essence of optimal challenge?
can you do a bit better than you’ve done in the past & can you grow & develop your skill further
What is optimal challenge?
Susan Harter (1974) found that solving an anagram make people smile more & higher enjoyment than failure, children experience the most pleasure after succeeding when it’s an optimal challenge
What is flow?
State of concentration that involves a holistic absorption & deep involvement in an activity
Occurs when a person uses his or her skills to rise to some challenge
Challenge & skill are moderately high
What are the factors contributing to flow?
Clear goals, expectations, and sense of progress (structure)
Constructive and immediate feedback
Match of skill and challenge
Intense focus on the present
Failure Tolerance
What is flow Flow vs hyper-fixation in voluntary?
flows tends to be more voluntary & controllable, while hyper-fixation can feel involuntary or compulsive
What is flow vs hyper-fixation with as positive or disruptive?
flow is generally associated with positive feelings of achievement and productivity, while hyper fixation can disrupt daily life and lead to negative consequences like neglect of other tasks
What us flow vs hyper-fixations association with mental states?
flow is linked to personal satisfaction & productivity in healthy contexts, whereas hyper fixation is more often associated with neurodivergent conditions and can be overwhelming or unhealthy
What are the 3 elements of a highly structured learning environment?
Clear Expectations: What should I do?
Guidance: Am I doing this correctly?
Constructive Feedback: Is this any good
What is failure tolerance?
Failure urges people to identify its causes (and remedy them)
Failure prompts people to revise and update the quality of their coping strategies
Failure prompts people to realize the need for advice and guidance
What is relatedness?
The psychological need to establish close emotional bonds and attachments with other people
The desire to be emotionally connected to and interpersonally involved in warm relationships.
Hallmarks: Feelings socially connected, giving and receiving benevolence
What are the 2 aspects of relatedness satisfaction?
Responsiveness – the other person offers understanding, validation, & caring
Social bond – the other person cares about my welfare & likes me
What are the 6 aspects of relatedness support?
Individualized conversation, task support, cooporation/teamwork, demonstrating awareness, showing care, & friendly communication
What are exchange relationships?
Relationships between acquaintance or between people who have business together
No obligation exists to be concerned with the other’s needs or welfare
Okay to be neglectful or uncaring of the other’s needs
Exchange Relationships: DO NOT satisfy the relatedness psychological need
What are communal relationships?
Relationships between people who care about the welfare of the other (e.g., friendships, family, romantic partners)
Both partners care for the needs of the other, and both want to support the other’s welfare
Communal Relationships: DO satisfy the relatedness psychological need
Why is relatedness important?
it provides the social context to support internalization, promote vitality engagement, & promote happiness (prevents loneliness, depression)
