Lecture 5 Flashcards
What is Anxiety?
higher order feeling state that is the end product of affective, behavioral, psychological, and cognitive components. anxiety is different from fear in that it plays a more preparatory role with a stronger cognitive component (car engine idling) and fear is more reactive (stepping on car peddle)
How can anxiety manifest?
behaviorally, cognitive, physiologically, and or interpersonally
what are some risk factors for anxiety
biological * environmental interactions-genetics, central nervous, learned experiences, cognitions, social and interpersonal processes
What genes have been found to impact anxiiety?
those implicated in behavioral inhibitions and biological predisposition to act negatively to novel situations.
What system is activated under conditions of perceived threats
The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) part of the central nervous system
What is over activation of BIS associated with?
excessive fear, hyperarousal, negative emotionality (increase behavioral inhibition related to increased cortisol and amygdala involved in this system.
What are some ways anxiety is learned (associative learning)
Bachman’s pathways which are: classical aversive conditioning, observational learning, verbal transmission, escape conditioning (rewarding child when escaping from anxiety/fear situations.)
What are some cognitions common in anxious children
interpretations, judgments (lower perception of ability to cope), memories, attentional selectivity
What are some social/interpesonal influences for anxiety
peers, parents (attachment and mental health issues), poverty, exposure to trauma/violence
What are some disorders that have comorbidity with anxiety?
ADHD (0-21%), CD or ODD (3 to 13%, and depression (1 to 20%)
What culture has higher internalizing symptoms than whites?
Latinos
What is depression?
2 weeks of depressed or irritable mood with accompanied changes in energy, cognition, feelings of worth etc.
When is depression most prevalent
mid-late adolescents (18.5% for MDD and 3.2% for persistent depressive disorder)
How long does a MDD episode usually last for children/adolescents?
7 to 8 months but large percentage will have recurring episodes during adulthood
What are some predictors of longer depressive episodes?
early onset, severity, suicidality, double depression, comorbid anxiety, disruptive behaviors, adverse family environment.
What are some predictors of reoccurrence?
severity, psychotic symptoms, suicidality, previous recurrent depression, double depression, family environment, family history
What are some risk factors for depression?
genetics, temperament, maladaptive parenting and abuse, biological factors, cognitive factors, peer relationships, life stress
How does bad parenting contribute to depression
bad parenting styles like neglectful or authoritarian, parental maltreatment
What are some biological factors that contribute to depression
neuroendocrinology (dysregulation of hypothalmic puituitary adrenal axis (HPA), brain structure abnormalities in PFC-less white matter- and brain function abnormalities shown in fMRI of emotion and reward procession, attention and cognitive control.
What are some cognitive risk factors?
negative self concept, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, negative attributional styles, attention and memory biases
what are some other risk factors?
peer relationships (lack of positive relationships-likely reciprocal), and stress-predicts and exacerbates depression
what are some protective factors to guard against depression
high self-esteem, self-efficacy, easy temperament, social support
What is borderline personality disorder (BPP)?
a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
what are some characterisitcs of BPP?
avoid abandonment at all cost, intense interpersonal relationships (idealization and devaluation), unstable self-image, impulsivity, recurrent behaviors related to self-harm, emotional instability, chronic feelings of emptiness, maladaptive anger, transient, stress related thoughts of sever dissociative symptoms.
What is bordline personality disorder called borderline?
not completely psychosis (loss of contact with reality) or neurosis (stress depressions anxiety)
Self-inflicted injury
intentional acts of self0harm which can serve both interstrumental and emotional functions
What plays a roll in the heritablity of BPD and SII
strong genetic link likely due to the roll of impulsivity and emotional instability
What role does dopamine play in SII and BPD
DA dysfunction partially contributes to BPD b/hr traits likely due to dopamine deficiencies and low DA functioning
What is the role of serotonin in BPD and SII
Deficits linked to mood disorders, suicidal behaviors and aggression and is believed to interact with environment in development of SII and BPD
What are some contextual risk factors of BPD and SII
high risk neighbornoods, negative parent child interaction, neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse.
