Lecture 5

Question 1

What is Anxiety?

Answer 1

higher order feeling state that is the end product of affective, behavioral, psychological, and cognitive components. anxiety is different from fear in that it plays a more preparatory role with a stronger cognitive component (car engine idling) and fear is more reactive (stepping on car peddle)

Question 2

How can anxiety manifest?

Answer 2

behaviorally, cognitive, physiologically, and or interpersonally

Question 3

what are some risk factors for anxiety

Answer 3

biological * environmental interactions-genetics, central nervous, learned experiences, cognitions, social and interpersonal processes

Question 4

What genes have been found to impact anxiiety?

Answer 4

those implicated in behavioral inhibitions and biological predisposition to act negatively to novel situations.

Question 5

What system is activated under conditions of perceived threats

Answer 5

The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) part of the central nervous system

Question 6

What is over activation of BIS associated with?

Answer 6

excessive fear, hyperarousal, negative emotionality (increase behavioral inhibition related to increased cortisol and amygdala involved in this system.

Question 7

What are some ways anxiety is learned (associative learning)

Answer 7

Bachman’s pathways which are: classical aversive conditioning, observational learning, verbal transmission, escape conditioning (rewarding child when escaping from anxiety/fear situations.)

Question 8

What are some cognitions common in anxious children

Answer 8

interpretations, judgments (lower perception of ability to cope), memories, attentional selectivity

Question 9

What are some social/interpesonal influences for anxiety

Answer 9

peers, parents (attachment and mental health issues), poverty, exposure to trauma/violence

Question 10

What are some disorders that have comorbidity with anxiety?

Answer 10

ADHD (0-21%), CD or ODD (3 to 13%, and depression (1 to 20%)

Question 11

What culture has higher internalizing symptoms than whites?

Answer 11

Latinos

Question 12

What is depression?

Answer 12

2 weeks of depressed or irritable mood with accompanied changes in energy, cognition, feelings of worth etc.

Question 13

When is depression most prevalent

Answer 13

mid-late adolescents (18.5% for MDD and 3.2% for persistent depressive disorder)

Question 14

How long does a MDD episode usually last for children/adolescents?

Answer 14

7 to 8 months but large percentage will have recurring episodes during adulthood

Question 15

What are some predictors of longer depressive episodes?

Answer 15

early onset, severity, suicidality, double depression, comorbid anxiety, disruptive behaviors, adverse family environment.

Question 16

What are some predictors of reoccurrence?

Answer 16

severity, psychotic symptoms, suicidality, previous recurrent depression, double depression, family environment, family history

Question 17

What are some risk factors for depression?

Answer 17

genetics, temperament, maladaptive parenting and abuse, biological factors, cognitive factors, peer relationships, life stress

Question 18

How does bad parenting contribute to depression

Answer 18

bad parenting styles like neglectful or authoritarian, parental maltreatment

Question 19

What are some biological factors that contribute to depression

Answer 19

neuroendocrinology (dysregulation of hypothalmic puituitary adrenal axis (HPA), brain structure abnormalities in PFC-less white matter- and brain function abnormalities shown in fMRI of emotion and reward procession, attention and cognitive control.

Question 20

What are some cognitive risk factors?

Answer 20

negative self concept, rumination, dysfunctional attitudes, negative attributional styles, attention and memory biases

Question 21

what are some other risk factors?

Answer 21

peer relationships (lack of positive relationships-likely reciprocal), and stress-predicts and exacerbates depression

Question 22

what are some protective factors to guard against depression

Answer 22

high self-esteem, self-efficacy, easy temperament, social support

Question 23

What is borderline personality disorder (BPP)?

Answer 23

a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity

Question 24

what are some characterisitcs of BPP?

Answer 24

avoid abandonment at all cost, intense interpersonal relationships (idealization and devaluation), unstable self-image, impulsivity, recurrent behaviors related to self-harm, emotional instability, chronic feelings of emptiness, maladaptive anger, transient, stress related thoughts of sever dissociative symptoms.

Question 25

What is bordline personality disorder called borderline?

Answer 25

not completely psychosis (loss of contact with reality) or neurosis (stress depressions anxiety)

Question 26

Self-inflicted injury

Answer 26

intentional acts of self0harm which can serve both interstrumental and emotional functions

Question 27

What plays a roll in the heritablity of BPD and SII

Answer 27

strong genetic link likely due to the roll of impulsivity and emotional instability

Question 28

What role does dopamine play in SII and BPD

Answer 28

DA dysfunction partially contributes to BPD b/hr traits likely due to dopamine deficiencies and low DA functioning

Question 29

What is the role of serotonin in BPD and SII

Answer 29

Deficits linked to mood disorders, suicidal behaviors and aggression and is believed to interact with environment in development of SII and BPD

Question 30

What are some contextual risk factors of BPD and SII

Answer 30

high risk neighbornoods, negative parent child interaction, neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse.