lecture 3 Flashcards
What are some common symptoms of concussions?
Transient cognitive impairment (confusion, poor concentration, amnesia, loss of consciousness), headache, nasuea, sensory difficulty, irritability, emotion dysregulation
What are some risk factors for TBI
male, low SES, impulsivity
What is a TBI?
change in brain function that manifests as confusion, b/hr change, altered consciousness, coma, neurophsychological deficts or acute sensory or motor neurological defict that results from blunt or penetrating force to the head.
What are the two types of damage?
Focal and Diffuse-caused by different types of impacts
What is a focal type of damage
caused by movement across a straight line-brain slams into point of contact and rebounds against opposing point of contact.-sig tissue damage without loss of consciousness
What is a diffused TBI?
caused by rotational force producing a swirling motion in brain (destroys axonal tissue-happens when striking broad object like dashboard-widespread damage affecting deeper brain areas than focal)
What are the 3 types of TBI?
mild, moderate, severe
What is secondary damage in TBI
brain swelling at site of trauma restricting blood flow to brain causing cell death which can spread to neighboring cells-a mild TBI can become more severe with time
What is hypoxia
less than necessary oxygen supply for normal cellular function and can lead to brain damage
Who has a greater probability of diffuse injury?
Children due to bigger more flexible heads and weaker neck muscles.
Why is the impact of TBI on young brains complicated?
because young brains are more plastic and can better adapt to brain damage but can cause severe developmental issues
What area of the brain is most susceptible to damage
Frontal lobe (Dorsolateral and Orbitofrontal)
What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cotrex involved in?
Problem solving, EF
are effects of damage to the dorsolateral PFC always immediate
no because of development
What can damage to the Orbiotofrontal Cortex impact?
social/emotional development-inhibiting the ability to read social cues and self regulate causing internal and external b/hrs
What is emotion?
Two integrated processes the appraisal (early warning system and the action preparation, manning the stations
What is emotional regulation
Adaptive changes in emotion to specific situation
Emotional Dysregulation
Maladaptive changes in emotion related to specific situation-salient features in many PSP
Inappropriate emotion expression can be
Risk factor for later issues and due to poor social awareness, disregard for social rules, inability to regulate expression
What is emotional unresponsivieness?
Flat affect (associated with negative outcomes)
Abnormal changes of emotion are common in?
infants and children with ADHD, internalizing symptoms, and bullies
Emotional liability (emotional instability) is common in youth with
comorbid internalizing and externalizing disorder, depression aggression, anxiety
What are some possible contributing factors to Emotional change
Normal development, temperament, parent child relationship, parent PSP, abuse, genetics
What are two i words associated with a wide range of PSP
inattention and impulsivity (substance use, gambling, antisocial behavior and ADHD)
What are the other names ADHD has been called?
Minimal brain damage, hyperkinetic reaction of childhood, hyperkinesis, minimal brain dysfunction, ADD, ADHD
What are the core symptoms of ADHD
Attention (associated with academic problems and other issues) and Hyperactivity-impulsivity (heighten value for reward) and impulsivity: difficulty inhibiting a primed behavior
What are some ways ADHD manifests in schools
excessive activity leve, difficulty staying seated, always touching something, excessive talking, plays noisily, acts without thinking, interrupts others, difficulty following rules
What are the developmental milestones of ADHD
impulsivity first at age 3 to 4 and inattention age 5 yo 7
What are some things that make ADHD symptomolgy more obvious
later in the day, task complexity, need for restraint, low level of stimulation, intermittent schedule of consequences, longer delay of reinforcement, low adult supervision
What are two major theories of ADHD
Top-down (cognitive control theories) and Bottom up (motivational/energetic factors
What does Barkley’s theory focus on (top down)
role of self-regulation (poor inhibition negatively impacts self regulation, nonverbal working memory, verbal working memory, reconstitution
What type of adhd is most likely to other comorbities
Combined type (CD, ODD, SUD, Anxiety and mood)
What are some health outcoms ADHD kids suffer from
accident proneness and injury, sleep problems
What are some functional problems of ADHD
motor coordination difficulties, underproductivity in academics, reduced intelligence, social problems
What area of the brain is impacted by ADHD
prefrontal cortex (underactivation, decreased blood flow in the prefrontal regions, diminished glucose metabolism, abnormal dopamine activity)
What neurotransmitter is associated with ADHD
Dopamine-medication increases noradrenergic activity which is associated with increase concentration
What is the heritability coefficient for adhd
.70 (likely due to genes for dopamine and serotonin among others)
What are some environmental risks and triggers
inadequate schooling, rapid social tempo, family stress, low birth weight, prenatal exposure to teratogens
