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Zoology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The idea that genetic material contributed by
two parents mixes in a manner analogous to
the way blue and yellow paints blend to make
green

A

“blending” hypothesis

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2
Q

Parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes

A

the gene idea

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3
Q

Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of
inheritance through ________

A

experiment with garden peas

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5
Q

Mendel used the__________ to identify two laws of inheritance

A

scientific approach

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6
Q

Why did Mendel experiment with peas?

A

-they are available in many varieties
-he could strictly control which plants mated with which

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7
Q

Scientists can study patterns of inheritance by ________

A

ceossing (mating) two true-breeding
varieties of an organism

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8
Q

a heritable feature

A

character

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9
Q

a variant of a character

A

trait

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10
Q

True or False

Mendel chose to track only those characters that varied in an “either-or” manner

A

True

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11
Q

Mendel also made sure that he started his experiments with varieties that were _________________

A

true-breeding

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12
Q

Process of mating two contrasting, true-breeding varieties

A

hybridization

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13
Q

The ________ refers to the true-breeding parents

A

P Generation (Parental Generation)

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14
Q

The hybrid offspring of the P generation

A

F1 generation

written as F sub1

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15
Q

F in Fn generation means

A

filial

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16
Q

________ is produced when F1 individuals self-pollinate

A

F2 generation

written as Fsub2

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17
Q

Random combination of the gametes results in the _______ genotypic ratio and ________ phenotypic ratio in F2 generation

A

1) 1:2:1
2) 3:1

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18
Q

The variation in inherited characters is because of the alternative versions of genes called _______

A

alleles

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19
Q

An organism inherits ______ alleles

A

two

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20
Q

a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

A

genetic locus

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21
Q

How many times is a genetic locus is actually represented?

A

twice

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22
Q

if the two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the ____________

A

organism’s appearance

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23
Q

if the two alleles at a locus differ, this allele has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

A

recessive

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24
Q

What does Mendel’s law of segregation says?

A

The two alleles for a heritable character
separate (segregate) during gamete formation
and end up in different gametes

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25
Q

True or False

Each true-breeding plant of the
parental generation has identical
alleles

A

True

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26
Q

a diagram that shows all possible combinations of alleles
in offspring that result from an
F1 x F1 cross

A

Punnett Square

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27
Q

Each square in the Punnett square represents _______________ of fertilization

A

an equally probable product

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28
Q

They have a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene and exhibit true-breeding

A

homozygous organisms

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29
Q

Has a pair of alleles that are different for a particular
gene

A

heterozygous organism

30
Q

refers to an organism’s genetic makeup

A

genotype

31
Q

An organism’s phenotype refers to its

A

physical appearance

32
Q

It allows us to determine the genotype of an
organism with the dominant phenotype

A

testcross

33
Q

An organism that exhibits a dominant trait,
such as purple flowers in pea plants, can be either __________________ or ____________

A

homozygous for the dominant allele
heterozygous

34
Q

In a testcross, the individual with the
unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous individual expressing the _______ trait

A

recessive

35
Q

True or False

Mendel derived the law of segregation by following a triple traits

A

False

Mendel followed only a single trait

36
Q

The F1 offspring produced during independent assortment

A

monohybrids

37
Q

True or False

Mendel identified his second law of inheritance by following eight characters at the same time

A

False

Mendel followed only two characters at the same time

38
Q

Crossing two, true-breeding parents differing in
two characters produces ________ in the F1 generation,
____________ for both characters

A
  1. dihybrids
  2. heterozygous
39
Q

Illustrates the inheritance of two characters

A

Dihybrid cross

40
Q

According to Mendel’s law of independent assortment, each pair of alleles segregates independently during ________________

A

gamete formation

41
Q

Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent
assortment reflect ___________________

A

rule of probability

42
Q

States that the probability that two or more
independent events will occur together is the
product of their individual probabilities

A

The multiplication rule

43
Q

States that the probability that any one of two
or more exclusive events will occur is
calculated by adding together their individual
probabilities

A

The rule of addition

44
Q

True or False

We can apply the rules of probability to predict the outcome of crosses involving multiple characters

A

True

45
Q

True or False

A dihybrid or other multicharacter cross is equivalent to two or more independent monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously

A

True

46
Q

True or False

In calculating the chances for various genotypes from such crosses, each character first is considered separately and then the individual probabilities are
multiplied together

A

True

47
Q

Occurs when the phenotypes of the
heterozygote and dominant homozygote are
identical

A

Complete dominance

48
Q

Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in
separate, distinguishable ways

A

codominance

49
Q

The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between
the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

A

incomplete dominance

50
Q

True or False

Dominant alleles are more common in
populations than recessive alleles

A

False

Dominant alleles are not necessarily more in quantity

51
Q

true or false

Most genes exist in populations in not more than two allelic forms

A

false

Most genes exist in populations
in more than two allelic forms

52
Q

phenotype of blood type O

A

ii

53
Q

A gene has multiple phenotypic effects; the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits

A

pleiotropy

54
Q

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic
expression of a gene at a second locus

A

epistasis

55
Q

Quantitative variation usually indicates ______

A

polygenic inheritance

56
Q

An additive effect of two or more genes on a
single phenotype

A

polygenic inheritance

57
Q

the phenotypic range of a particular
genotype that is influenced by the environment

A

norm of reaction

58
Q

These are influenced by both genetic
and environmental factors

A

Multifactorial characters

59
Q

An organism’s phenotype includes:

A

physical appearance
internal anatomy
physiology
behavior

60
Q

An organism’s phenotype reflects its __________ and ______________

A

overall genotype
unique environmental history

61
Q

a family tree that describes the
interrelationships of parents and children
across generations

A

pedigree

62
Q

Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using _______________________

A

pedigrees

63
Q

Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals
_________________ for the allele

A

homozygous

64
Q

Can increase the probability of the appearance
of a genetic disease

A

consanguineous matings

65
Q

True or False

Some human disorders are due to dominant alleles

A

True

66
Q

Can provide information to prospective parents
concerned about a family history for a specific
disease

A

Genetic counselors

67
Q

a prenatal test that can diagnose genetic disorders (such as Down syndrome and spina bifida) and other health issues in a fetus; the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested

A

amniocentesis

68
Q

A test where a sample of the placenta is removed and tested

A

chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

69
Q

In amniocentesis, a sample of amniotic fluid can be taken starting at the ____ to _____ week of pregnancy

A

14th to 16th

70
Q

The recessive phenotype can only be observed when the genotype is _____

A

homozygous

Zoology (5 decks)

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