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Zoology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

The idea that genetic material contributed by
two parents mixes in a manner analogous to
the way blue and yellow paints blend to make
green

A

“blending” hypothesis

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2
Q

Parents pass on discrete heritable units, genes

A

the gene idea

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3
Q

Father of Genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel documented a particulate mechanism of
inheritance through ________

A

experiment with garden peas

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5
Q

Mendel used the__________ to identify two laws of inheritance

A

scientific approach

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6
Q

Why did Mendel experiment with peas?

A

-they are available in many varieties
-he could strictly control which plants mated with which

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7
Q

Scientists can study patterns of inheritance by ________

A

ceossing (mating) two true-breeding
varieties of an organism

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8
Q

a heritable feature

A

character

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9
Q

a variant of a character

A

trait

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10
Q

True or False

Mendel chose to track only those characters that varied in an “either-or” manner

A

True

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11
Q

Mendel also made sure that he started his experiments with varieties that were _________________

A

true-breeding

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12
Q

Process of mating two contrasting, true-breeding varieties

A

hybridization

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13
Q

The ________ refers to the true-breeding parents

A

P Generation (Parental Generation)

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14
Q

The hybrid offspring of the P generation

A

F1 generation

written as F sub1

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15
Q

F in Fn generation means

A

filial

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16
Q

________ is produced when F1 individuals self-pollinate

A

F2 generation

written as Fsub2

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17
Q

Random combination of the gametes results in the _______ genotypic ratio and ________ phenotypic ratio in F2 generation

A

1) 1:2:1
2) 3:1

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18
Q

The variation in inherited characters is because of the alternative versions of genes called _______

A

alleles

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19
Q

An organism inherits ______ alleles

A

two

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20
Q

a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.

A

genetic locus

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21
Q

How many times is a genetic locus is actually represented?

A

twice

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22
Q

if the two alleles at a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the ____________

A

organism’s appearance

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23
Q

if the two alleles at a locus differ, this allele has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance

A

recessive

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24
Q

What does Mendel’s law of segregation says?

A

The two alleles for a heritable character
separate (segregate) during gamete formation
and end up in different gametes

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25
# True or False Each true-breeding plant of the parental generation has identical alleles
True
26
a diagram that shows all possible combinations of alleles in offspring that result from an F1 x F1 cross
Punnett Square
27
Each square in the Punnett square represents _______________ of fertilization
an equally probable product
28
They have a pair of identical alleles for a particular gene and exhibit true-breeding
homozygous organisms
29
Has a pair of alleles that are different for a particular gene
heterozygous organism
30
refers to an organism's genetic makeup
genotype
31
An organism’s phenotype refers to its
physical appearance
32
It allows us to determine the genotype of an organism with the dominant phenotype
testcross
33
An organism that exhibits a dominant trait, such as purple flowers in pea plants, can be either __________________ or ____________
homozygous for the dominant allele heterozygous
34
In a testcross, the individual with the unknown genotype is crossed with a homozygous individual expressing the _______ trait
recessive
35
# True or False Mendel derived the law of segregation by following a triple traits
False | Mendel followed only a single trait
36
The F1 offspring produced during independent assortment
monohybrids
37
# True or False Mendel identified his second law of inheritance by following eight characters at the same time
False | Mendel followed only two characters at the same time
38
Crossing two, true-breeding parents differing in two characters produces ________ in the F1 generation, ____________ for both characters
1. dihybrids 2. heterozygous
39
Illustrates the inheritance of two characters
Dihybrid cross
40
According to Mendel's law of independent assortment, each pair of alleles segregates independently during ________________
gamete formation
41
Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment reflect ___________________
rule of probability
42
States that the probability that two or more independent events will occur together is the product of their individual probabilities
The multiplication rule
43
States that the probability that any one of two or more exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities
The rule of addition
44
# True or False We can apply the rules of probability to predict the outcome of crosses involving multiple characters
True
45
# True or False A dihybrid or other multicharacter cross is equivalent to two or more independent monohybrid crosses occurring simultaneously
True
46
# True or False In calculating the chances for various genotypes from such crosses, each character first is considered separately and then the individual probabilities are multiplied together
True
47
Occurs when the phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical
Complete dominance
48
Two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways
codominance
49
The phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties
incomplete dominance
50
# True or False Dominant alleles are more common in populations than recessive alleles
False | Dominant alleles are not necessarily more in quantity
51
# true or false Most genes exist in populations in not more than two allelic forms
false | Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms
52
phenotype of blood type O
ii
53
A gene has multiple phenotypic effects; the phenomenon in which a single locus affects two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits
pleiotropy
54
A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at a second locus
epistasis
55
Quantitative variation usually indicates ______
polygenic inheritance
56
An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype
polygenic inheritance
57
the phenotypic range of a particular genotype that is influenced by the environment
norm of reaction
58
These are influenced by both genetic and environmental factors
Multifactorial characters
59
An organism’s phenotype includes:
physical appearance internal anatomy physiology behavior
60
An organism's phenotype reflects its __________ and ______________
overall genotype unique environmental history
61
a family tree that describes the interrelationships of parents and children across generations
pedigree
62
Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using _______________________
pedigrees
63
Recessively inherited disorders show up only in individuals _________________ for the allele
homozygous
64
Can increase the probability of the appearance of a genetic disease
consanguineous matings
65
# True or False Some human disorders are due to dominant alleles
True
66
Can provide information to prospective parents concerned about a family history for a specific disease
Genetic counselors
67
a prenatal test that can diagnose genetic disorders (such as Down syndrome and spina bifida) and other health issues in a fetus; the liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested
amniocentesis
68
A test where a sample of the placenta is removed and tested
chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
69
In amniocentesis, a sample of amniotic fluid can be taken starting at the ____ to _____ week of pregnancy
14th to 16th
70
The recessive phenotype can only be observed when the genotype is _____
homozygous

Zoology (5 decks)

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