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Zoology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes are found inside the ________________

A

nucleus

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2
Q

contain a very long DNA molecule with thousands of genes

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotes are ______ and _______ during cell division

A

condensed, visible

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4
Q

An enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to telomeres (the ends of chromosomes)

A

telomerase

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5
Q

a specific region of the eukaryotic
chromosome where the kinetochore
(the complex of DNA and proteins
to which the spindle fibers) attach
and pull the chromosomes during
both mitosis and meiosis

A

Centromere

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6
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes are constant for each cell in the body except sex cells

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: You don’t lose or gain
chromosomes

A

True

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8
Q

(Stage of Cell Division) Multicellular organisms copy their
chromosomes before cell division

A

Interphase

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9
Q

(Stage of Cell Division) The cytoplasm divides

A

Cytokinesis

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10
Q

The sex of many animals is determined by
genes but on chromosomes called ______

A

Sex chromosomes

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11
Q

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

autosome

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12
Q

possess matching pair of sex chromosomes

A

homogametic sex

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13
Q

possess different pairs of sex chromosomes

A

heterogametic sex

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14
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

A

Polymer

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15
Q

Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called ________

A

Dehydration reaction

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16
Q

Each class of polymer is formed from a specific set of _______

A

monomers

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17
Q

Store and transmit hereditary information

A

Nucleic Acid

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18
Q

the units of inheritance

A

Genes

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19
Q

Program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides

A

Genes

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20
Q

Directs RNA synthesis

A

DNA

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21
Q

Nucleic acids exist as polymers called _______

A

polynucleotides

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22
Q

Each polynucleotide consists of monomers called _______

A

nucelotides

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23
Q

Are made up of
nucleosides and phosphate
groups

A

nucleotide monomers

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24
Q

Are made up of nucleotides
linked by the–OH group on
the 3´ carbon of one
nucleotide and the phosphate
on the 5´ carbon on the next

A

Nucleotide polymers

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25
Have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis
Cellular DNA molecules
26
Consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands
DNA double helix
27
Help biologists sort out the evolutionary connections among species
Molecular comparisons
28
theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction
Central Dogma
29
Flow of genetic information based on central dogma theory
DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein
30
organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups
Amino Acid monomers
31
any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule
R group
32
Examplles of organelles
nucleus ribosomes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Golgi apparatus vesicles
33
Refers to the model wherein two strands of DNA unwind from each other, and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand
semiconservative
34
It is needed for initiation of DNA Replication
Primer
35
 a large protein complex that carries out DNA replication
Replisome
36
The parental double helix remains intact and an all-new copy is made
Conservative model of DNA replication
37
Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts
Dispersive model of DNA replication
38
only transcribes rRNA genes amd makes ribosomes
RNA polymerase 1
39
transcribes genes into mRNA
RNA polymerase 2
40
only transcribes tRNA genes
RNA polymerase 3
41
recognition site for transcription factors
TATA box binding site
42
Assembly of initiation complex
Initiation
43
adding N-bases bases
Elongation
44
in mRNA splicing , it is being edited out
Introns
45
a large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA
spliceosome
46
noncoding (inbetween) sequence
introns
47
coding (expressed) sequence
exon
48
blocks of 3 nucleotides decoded into the sequence of amino acids
Codons
49
mRNA leaves nucleus through _______
nuclear pores
50
determined mRNA–amino acid match and added fabricated mRNA to test tube of ribosomes, tRNA & amino acids
Nirenberg & Khorana
51
enzyme which bonds amino acid to tRNA
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
52
Why is energy stored in tRNA-amino acid bond unstable?
so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily
53
Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon
Ribosomes
54
holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain
A site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)
55
holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain
P site (peptidyl-tRNA site)
56
empty tRNA leaves ribosome from this site
E site (exit site)
57
Termination in building polypeptides
End codons
58
The nitrogenous bases are categorized into two. Adenine and guanine are _____ while cytosine thymine and uracil are _______
1. purine 2. pyrimidine
59
Type of replication observed in most living systems
Semiconservative
60
Protein that lays down RNA primer for the replication of the lagging strand
Primase
61
Responsible in the synthesis of new DNA strand
polymerase
62
cuts open the double helix to expose the replication templates
helicase
63
Seals the gap between okazaki fragments at the lagging strand
ligase
64
Stabilizes the dna single strands to prevent them from winding
single-strand binding protein
65
The part of the cell where eukaryotic transcription occurs
Nucleus
66
The protein factor involved in the termination of transcription
Rho-factor
67
The non-coding sequences and the pre-mrna that will be edited out in a process
Intron
68
Process wherein introns will be edited out
RNA Splicing
69
The blank and blank are added in the pre rna to protect itself from the enzymes in cytoplasm
5' cap, poly-A tail
70
This enzyme binds amino acid to its corresponding tRNA
RNA synthetases
71
Carries the genetic information for making the protein in translation
mRNA
72
Translation stops with the ribosome exposes on its a site any one of the three stop codons
UAA , UAG, UGA

Zoology (5 decks)

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