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Zoology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromosomes are found inside the ________________

A

nucleus

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2
Q

contain a very long DNA molecule with thousands of genes

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

Chromosomes in eukaryotes are ______ and _______ during cell division

A

condensed, visible

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4
Q

An enzyme in cells that helps keep them alive by adding DNA to telomeres (the ends of chromosomes)

A

telomerase

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5
Q

a specific region of the eukaryotic
chromosome where the kinetochore
(the complex of DNA and proteins
to which the spindle fibers) attach
and pull the chromosomes during
both mitosis and meiosis

A

Centromere

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6
Q

True or False: The number of chromosomes are constant for each cell in the body except sex cells

A

True

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7
Q

True or False: You don’t lose or gain
chromosomes

A

True

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8
Q

(Stage of Cell Division) Multicellular organisms copy their
chromosomes before cell division

A

Interphase

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9
Q

(Stage of Cell Division) The cytoplasm divides

A

Cytokinesis

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10
Q

The sex of many animals is determined by
genes but on chromosomes called ______

A

Sex chromosomes

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11
Q

any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

A

autosome

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12
Q

possess matching pair of sex chromosomes

A

homogametic sex

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13
Q

possess different pairs of sex chromosomes

A

heterogametic sex

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14
Q

a long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers

A

Polymer

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15
Q

Monomers form larger molecules by condensation reactions called ________

A

Dehydration reaction

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16
Q

Each class of polymer is formed from a specific set of _______

A

monomers

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17
Q

Store and transmit hereditary information

A

Nucleic Acid

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18
Q

the units of inheritance

A

Genes

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19
Q

Program the amino acid sequence of polypeptides

A

Genes

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20
Q

Directs RNA synthesis

A

DNA

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21
Q

Nucleic acids exist as polymers called _______

A

polynucleotides

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22
Q

Each polynucleotide consists of monomers called _______

A

nucelotides

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23
Q

Are made up of
nucleosides and phosphate
groups

A

nucleotide monomers

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24
Q

Are made up of nucleotides
linked by the–OH group on
the 3´ carbon of one
nucleotide and the phosphate
on the 5´ carbon on the next

A

Nucleotide polymers

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25
Q

Have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary
axis

A

Cellular DNA molecules

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26
Q

Consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands

A

DNA double helix

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27
Q

Help biologists sort out the evolutionary connections
among species

A

Molecular comparisons

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28
Q

theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction

A

Central Dogma

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29
Q

Flow of genetic information based on central dogma theory

A

DNA, to RNA, to protein, or RNA directly to protein

30
Q

organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups

A

Amino Acid monomers

31
Q

any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached to the rest of the molecule

A

R group

32
Q

Examplles of organelles

A

nucleus
ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum
(ER)
Golgi apparatus
vesicles

33
Q

Refers to the model wherein two strands of DNA unwind from each other, and each acts as a template for synthesis of a new, complementary strand

A

semiconservative

34
Q

It is needed for
initiation of DNA Replication

A

Primer

35
Q

a large protein complex that carries out DNA replication

A

Replisome

36
Q

The parental double helix remains intact and an all-new copy is made

A

Conservative model of DNA replication

37
Q

Each strand of both daughter molecules contains a mixture of old and newly synthesized parts

A

Dispersive model of DNA replication

38
Q

only transcribes rRNA genes amd makes ribosomes

A

RNA polymerase 1

39
Q

transcribes genes into mRNA

A

RNA polymerase 2

40
Q

only transcribes tRNA genes

A

RNA polymerase 3

41
Q

recognition site for
transcription factors

A

TATA box binding site

42
Q

Assembly of initiation complex

A

Initiation

43
Q

adding N-bases bases

A

Elongation

44
Q

in mRNA splicing , it is being edited out

A

Introns

45
Q

a large RNA-protein complex that catalyses the removal of introns from nuclear pre-mRNA

A

spliceosome

46
Q

noncoding (inbetween) sequence

A

introns

47
Q

coding (expressed) sequence

A

exon

48
Q

blocks of 3 nucleotides decoded into the sequence of amino acids

A

Codons

49
Q

mRNA leaves nucleus through
_______

A

nuclear pores

50
Q

determined mRNA–amino acid match and added fabricated mRNA to test tube of ribosomes, tRNA & amino acids

A

Nirenberg & Khorana

51
Q

enzyme which bonds amino acid to tRNA

A

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases

52
Q

Why is energy stored in tRNA-amino acid bond unstable?

A

so it can release amino acid at ribosome easily

53
Q

Facilitate coupling of tRNA anticodon to mRNA codon

A

Ribosomes

54
Q

holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to chain

A

A site (aminoacyl-tRNA site)

55
Q

holds tRNA carrying growing
polypeptide chain

A

P site (peptidyl-tRNA site)

56
Q

empty tRNA leaves ribosome from this site

A

E site (exit site)

57
Q

Termination in building polypeptides

A

End codons

58
Q

The nitrogenous bases are categorized into two. Adenine and guanine are _____ while cytosine thymine and uracil are _______

A
  1. purine
  2. pyrimidine
59
Q

Type of replication observed in most living systems

A

Semiconservative

60
Q

Protein that lays down RNA primer for the replication of the lagging strand

A

Primase

61
Q

Responsible in the synthesis of new DNA strand

A

polymerase

62
Q

cuts open the double helix to expose the replication templates

A

helicase

63
Q

Seals the gap between okazaki fragments at the lagging strand

A

ligase

64
Q

Stabilizes the dna single strands to prevent them from winding

A

single-strand binding protein

65
Q

The part of the cell where eukaryotic transcription occurs

A

Nucleus

66
Q

The protein factor involved in the termination of transcription

A

Rho-factor

67
Q

The non-coding sequences and the pre-mrna that will be edited out in a process

A

Intron

68
Q

Process wherein introns will be edited out

A

RNA Splicing

69
Q

The blank and blank are added in the pre rna to protect itself from the enzymes in cytoplasm

A

5’ cap, poly-A tail

70
Q

This enzyme binds amino acid to its corresponding tRNA

A

RNA synthetases

71
Q

Carries the genetic information for making the protein in translation

A

mRNA

72
Q

Translation stops with the ribosome exposes on its a site any one of the three stop codons

A

UAA , UAG, UGA

Zoology (5 decks)

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