Lecture 43 Flashcards
What are the main reproductive organs in humans? Where are they found?
The gonads are the testes in male or the ovarys in females, they are where gametes are produced, genitalia allows for coitus so that the gametes can fuse to form embryos. they are found around the pelvic region, the pelvis is the bony basin between the ower limb and trunk, it has two hip bones, the sacrum and the coccyx.
What are the areas and parts of the pelvis?
The ilium is the large flared area of the hip bones, the ischium is the curved outgrowth at the bottom and the ppubis is the area slightly above. The pubic symphysis is a cartilaginous joint which joints the hip bones at the pubis and ischium, the other joint in the hips is the sacroiliac joint. The pelvic inlet is the posterior part of the pelvic hole (it is open and always bigger than outlet), the pelvic outlet is the other side (it is closed by muscle). The pelvic subdivisions are the false/greater pelvis, it is the superior portion above the pelvic inlet and contains the GI tract, the true/lesser pelvis is the inferior region between the inlet and outlet, it contains reproductive organs.
What are the main pelvic differences between males and females?
The female pelvis has a broader subpubic angle than males, an oval inlet and a straighter coccyx. The male pelvis has a heart shaped inlet and a curved coccyx.
What is the pelvic floor?
The pelvic floor is the muscles which close over the pelvic outlet, it has two muscles: the levator ani (round anus) and the coccygeus (round coccyx) and has several openings: the urethra, anal canal and vagina.
What is the perineum and what regions?
The perineum is the region inferior to the pelvic floor and between the upper region of the thighs, it is where external genitalia and the anus is fount, it has two triangular divisions: the anterior (urogenital triangle, pubic symphysis to ischial tuberositys), where the urethral/vaginal opening and external genitalis are and the posterior (anal triangle, ischial tuberosity to coccyx), where the anal canal and fat is found.
What is the male reproductive tract and what are the main parts?
The male reproductive tract is the path that sperm travels along and in order of path includes the testes, epididymis, the ejaculatory duct, the ductus (vas) deferens and the urethra. The testes are outside the body to keep them slightly colder, necessary for their development.
What is the scrotum and what are the testes relative location to each other?
The scrotum is outside the body and has two testes (testis), they are connected to spermatic cords (contain nerves and blood vessels) and are surrounded by dartos muscle for temperature control. In 85% of males the left testis hangs lower possibly to prevent banging together when moving around.
What do the testes produce and how?
The testes produce sperm, testosterone and inhibin and are surrounded by a dense fibrous capsule known as the tunica albuginea. They have lobules which contain seminiferous tubules which produce the sperm, the tubules join to form the rete testis which then join to form ductules which lead to the epididymis for maturation of the sperm.
What are the key cells in the seminiferous tubules?
The key cells in the seminiferous tubules are the leydig (interstitial) cells: produce testosterone, the detoli (sustentacular) cells: produce inhibin and lastly the spermatogenic cells which produce spermatazoa (sperm).
What is the epididymis and ductus deferens?
The epididymis is the site of maturation for sperm, it consists of a head, body and tail (exiting via the ductus deferens). The ductus deferens is part of the spermatic cord and is covered by smooth muscle. It runs behind the urniary bladdder and dilates to form the ampulla, it is the path the sperm travel through in order to be ejaculated.
What are the spermatic cords and what do they contain?
There is one spermatic cord on each side and it runs between the abdomen and testes, it contains the ductus deferens, blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
What is the ejaculatory duct and what are the functions and cell structure of the male urethra?
The ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla and opens into the prostatic urethra, it is involved in producing some components of seminal fluid also. The male urethra has two functions: urination and ejaculation and has several epithelium changes (transitional, columnar and thren stratifies squamous), it has three sections (prostatic urethra, membranous urethra and penile/spongy urethra).
What is a possibility if there are problems with the male urethral sphincter and ejaculation
There are urinary/urethral sphincters which are external (skeletal) or internal (smooth), if the internal doesn’t work properly retrograde ejaculation can occur (ejaculation into bladder).
