Lecture 2 Flashcards
The cardiovascular system consists of the ____, ____, ____ and ____ (why?), these are made up of ____ ____ which in turn is made of of _____ and ____, the two main types of which are ____ and ____
The cardiovascular system consists of the heart (pump), arteries (supply), veins/lymphatics (drainage) and capillaries (exchange surfaces) these are made up of vascular tissue which in turn is made of connective tissues and cells and the two main types of which are epithelia and muscle.
Which system of the cardiovascular system is a continuous loop and which is a one way?
Blood vascular is a continuous loop (closed supply and drainage system), the lymphatic (vascular) system is an open entry drainage system (one way).
What are the general principles of arteries?
Arteries are the only supply path, the major ones are situated to avoid damage (e.g deep in the trunk or on flexor aspect of limbs), the important structures often receive supply from two sources (two seperate arteries). They change their name at each major branch.
What are the general principles of drainage systems?
There are three pathways: deep veins, superficial veins and lymphatics. The cross-sectional area of veins is at least twice that of arteries (this is necessary to shift the same volume of blood per second due to the higher pressure in arteries).
What is the heart shape?
A blunt cone shape, the broad end is known as the base and the pointed end is known as the apex.
How is the heart orientated?
Roughly located in between the second and fifth intercostal space, it is rotated left and tilted posteriorly, causing the left atrium to be near the spine and the right ventricle to be the most anterior element. Two thirds of the heart is on the left of the midline.
What seperates the atriums from each other and the ventricles from each other?
The interatrial and interventricular septum respectively.
What is the point of maximal intensity?
The point where the apex reaches the anterior wall (between the fifth and sixth rib).
What do the atria recieve?
blood coming into the heart, the left atrium recieves blood from the four pulmonary veins while the right atrium recieves blood from the superior (head, neck, chest and upper limbs) and inferior (everything below the diaphragm) vena cava aswell as the coronary sinus (blood which supplied the heart).
What are the layers of the heart wall? Which is largest? Which is smallest?
Endocardium, myocardium and epicardium. The myocardium is the largest. The endocardium is the smallest.
What is endocardium made of?
A single layer of squamous epithelium known as endothelium, loose irregular fibrous connective tissue, small blood vessels and purkinje fibers.
Which ventricle is thicker? Why? How much?
The left ventricle is thicker (3x) as it must pump blood all around the body, rather than just to the lungs.
What does the epicardium consist of?
Visceral pericardium, large blood vessels, loos irregular fibrous connective tissue and adipose.
What is the pericardium? What does it do and what is it made of?
An outer sack which the heart fits in and can expand into, it contains visceral pericardium (the part which touches the heart), parietal pericardium (the part which doesn’t) and pericardial fluid in between to porvide potential space. Both parts are made from the same sheet of cells and they wrap around near the base of the heart. Fibrous pericardium is also on the outermost aspect of the heart.
