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infectious disease midterm > Lecture 4 part 2 -- herpes, etc > Flashcards

Lecture 4 part 2 -- herpes, etc Flashcards

1
Q

explain the envelope, capsid, and genome of herpesviruses

A

envelope – has an envelope. RICH in glycoproteins
capsid – icosaDELTAhedral
genome – dsDNA virus with a linear genome

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2
Q

what are the 3 subfamilies of the herpesviruses

A

-alpha
-beta
-gamma

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3
Q

the 3 subfamilies of herpesviruses was determined based on….

A

their gene structure and site of latent infection

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4
Q

where are herpesviruses replicated and assembled?

A

in the nucleus

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5
Q

explain the symptoms usually exhibited in herpesviruses (be general)

A

herpes is a common infection.
usually, benign and asymptomatic but can be serious especially in immunocompromised ppl

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6
Q

where in the body is there significant morbidity if herpesviruses get their

A

eye, brain, and disseminated infections (spread)

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7
Q

true or false

some herpesviruses have highly specific tissue tropism

A

true

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8
Q

how are herpes viruses released from the cell?

A

through lysis, exocytosis, or cell-cell bridges

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9
Q

name the 3 viruses under alpha herpesvirus

A

HSV-1 (herpes simplex)
HSV-2
Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV) – HHV-3 (chicken pox)

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10
Q

name the viruses under beta herpesvirus

A

CMV (cytomegalovirus) – HHV-5
Human Herpes virus 6 and 7

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11
Q

name the viruses under gamma herpesvirus

A

EBV – epstein-barr virus – HHV-5
Kapsi’s Sarcoma-related virus (HHV-8)

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12
Q

HHV3

A

varicella-zoster virus (chicken pox) (VZV)
ALPHA

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13
Q

HHV 6 and 7

A

human herpes virus 6 and 7 (BETA)

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14
Q

HHV-4

A

Epstein-barr virus (EBV)
GAMMA

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15
Q

HHV-5

A

CMV (cytomegalovirus)
BETA

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16
Q

HHV-8

A

kapsoi’s sarcoma related virus (gamma)

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17
Q

explain the replication scheme for herpesviruses (how they make protein and more genome)

A

herpes genome: dsDNA

to make protein:
SAME WAY AS HOST – USES DNA DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE THAT IS MADE BY THE HOST to make (+)mRNA. this is then translated to protein on a host ribosome

to make genome: uses VIRAL DNA dependant DNA polymerase to replicate into more dsDNA

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18
Q

which herpesvirus(es) cause mononucleosis

A

Epstein-barr virus (gamma) - HHV-5
cytomegalovirus (beta) - HHV-4

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19
Q

which virus has a TEGUMENT and what is it

A

herpesviruses
cluster of proteins that surrounds the nucleocapsid

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20
Q

what is one of the only viruses to use the rolling circle method of replication?

A

herpesviruses

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21
Q

explain how herpesviruses replicate

A

their genome (dsDNA) circularizes in the nucleus. the transcription of immediate early genes begins.

alpha proteins are the products of immediate early genes. they stimulate the transcription of early genes.

beta proteins are the products of early genes. they function in DNA replication, yielding CONCATEMERIC DNA which is very long, linear, and multiple genomes.
late genes are transcribes

the product of late genes = gamma genes. they participate in virion assembly

to actually replicate, they use the ROLLING CIRCLE METHOD OF REPLICAITON

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22
Q

Name the primary infection sites for HHV1-4

A

HHV-1: mucoepithelial cells
HHV-2: mucoepithelial cells
HHV-3: mucoepithelial cells
HHV-4: B cell, oral epithelium

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23
Q

name the latent infection sites for HHV1-4

A

HHV-1: nerve ganglia
HHV-2: nerve ganglia
HHV-3: nerve ganglia
HHV-4: B lymphocytes

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24
Q

HHV-4- —- HHV-8 are all latent in…..

A

IMMUNE CELLS

25
Q

which herpes virus has symptoms like genital and anal lesions, severe neonatal infections, and meningitis?

A

HHV-2

26
Q

which herpes virus has symptoms like oral and ocular legions and encephalitis? (inflammation of brain)

A

HHV-1

27
Q

Which herpes virus gives the chicken pox with primary infection and shingles virus with reactivation?

A

HHV-3 (varicella-zoster virus)

28
Q

which herpes virus gives tumors and some B cell lymphoma?

A

HHV-8 (kaposi sarcoma)

29
Q

which herpes virus gives roseola in infants and infections in allograft recipients ?

A

HHV-6

30
Q

Which herpes virus gives some cases of roseola?

A

HHV-7

31
Q

The genomes of HSV-1 and HSV-2 encode around how many proteins? explain

A

~80 proteins divided in 2 groups:

-viral replication
–viral DNA polymerase
–scavenging enzymes that create deoxyribonucleotides used for synthesis of new viruses

-other proteins
–attachment glycoproteins
–immune escape proteins

32
Q

are HSV infections lytic or not lytic?

A

lytic

33
Q

HSV infections lyse what 2 types of cells?

A

epithelial cells and fibroblasts

34
Q

where are HSV infections latent?

A

in non-dividing cells. ie: neurons

35
Q

in latent HSV infections, are early and late genes being expressed?

A

no— being suppressed by:

-LATs (latency-associated transcripts)
-micro RNAs inhibit gene expression

36
Q

HSV viruses persist in _____ neurons
explain what is happening

A

sensory neurons ie: trigeminal nerve

these viruses avoid the host immune response and the person is asymptomatic. TAP is blocked, and they express Fc and complement receptors

reactivation of the herpes virus can occur with systematic infection, fever, stress, or sun exposure

37
Q

which HHV can affect neonates and is often fatal

A

HSV-2
cell mediated immunity of the neonates is not fully developed

38
Q

what are the symptoms of HSV-1

A

mucocutaneous lesions — cold sores
pharyngitis
eczema
encephalitis

39
Q

what are the symptoms of HSV-2

A

genital herpes – affects sacral ganglion
neonatal HSV

40
Q

chickenpox affects what 3 cells?

A

epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and T cells

41
Q

where does HHV-3 (VZV) go latent?

A

in neurons – dorsal root or cranial root ganglia

42
Q

what is the primary route of transmission for VSV

A

inhalation

43
Q

where does VZV replicate

A

in mucosal epithelium. cell-cell spread (synctium)

44
Q

how is HHV-3 spread

A

by viremia to skin producing regions

45
Q

what are 3 potential outcomes of HHV-4

A

epsteinn barr virus

  1. primary infection – productive and lytic
  2. latent infection in memory B cells – recurrence when the B cell is activated
  3. immortalization of B cells–lymphomas
46
Q

3 fates of the epsteinn-barr virus are: primary infection, latent infection in memory B cells, and immortalization of B cells

explain how each is accomplished

A

primary infection – lytic and productive. virus binds CR2 receptor on selected epithelial cells and B cells. early and late genes are transcribed and translated

latent infection in memory B cells — recurrence can occur once the B cell is activated. NO EARLY OR LATE GENE EXPRESSION

immortalization of B cells — B cell lymphomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas

47
Q

how is HHV-4 transmitted

A

through shedding virus (saliva)

48
Q

what component of our immune system is critical for controlling HHV-4

A

T CELLS

the massive activation of T cells by the proliferation of B cells contributes to symptoms of mono (infectious mononucleosis)

49
Q

name 3 symptoms of epsteinn barr virus that occur as a result of T cell mediated immunity to control the infection

A

lymphocytosis – increase in cells with 1 nucleus
swelling of lymph tissue
malaise – general discomfort

50
Q

what does EBV produce that inhibits the TH1 immune response?

A

an analog to IL-10 cytokine (a virokine)

51
Q

which HHV is a dsDNA virus but harbors mRNA transcripts in its capsid?

A

HHV-5 (cytomegalovirus)

52
Q

what are the permissive and non permissive cells for HHV 5

A

permissive – fibroblasts, epithelial cells, granulocytes, macrophages

nonpermissive – lymphocytes, stromal cells, monocytes

53
Q

HHV-5 favors ___ infections. why?

A

latent because there is slow replication

–reactivated in immunocompromised individuals

54
Q

which virus has asymptomatic shedding of the virus in bodily fluids?

A

HHV-5
cytomegalovirus

55
Q

for which herpes virus is nearly everyone seropositive in adulthood?
name other characteristics of this virus

A

HHV-6 – Roseola
replicates in SALIVARY GLANDS
high fever followed by neck and trunk rash

56
Q

where does HHV-6 go latent?

A

in CD4 cells and monocytes

–productive infection when T cells are activated

57
Q

which herpes virus is opportunistic in AIDS patients

A

HHV-8 Kaposi sarcoma
RARE

58
Q
A

infectious disease midterm (9 decks)

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