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infectious disease midterm > Lecture 3 part 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the SIX viruses that can cause respiratory disease

A

influenza
parainfluenza
RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)
rhinovirus
coronavirus
adenovirus

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2
Q

of the 6 respiratory viruses, which have the longest incubation periods?

A

CORONA — 2-10 (mean of 5 days)
Adenovirus – 5-7 days

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3
Q

is the adenovirus a DNA or RNA virus? explain how you can remember this

A

DNA – has fairly long incubation period (5-7 days) because it needs to travel to the nucleus and can’t just replicate in the cytosol

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4
Q

rhinovirus causes what disease?

A

common cold

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5
Q

parainfluenza virus causes what disease?

A

laryngitis or croup

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6
Q

which virus causes bronchiolitis in mainly infants?

A

RSV

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7
Q

which virus causes SARS

A

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

caused by coronavirus

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8
Q

which virus causes pharyngitis and a febrile illness (fever)

A

adenovirus

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9
Q

WHERE does the flu undergo transcription and replication? from where is it assembled and released?

A

the flu is an RNA virus but almost behaves like a DNA one in that transcription and replication occurs in the NUCLEUS and not the cytoplasm

assembly and release occurs at the plasma membrane

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10
Q

explain the genome of an influenza virus

A

spiral
8 ssRNA(-) viruses – SEGMENTED GENOME

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11
Q

the genome of the influenza virus is segmented with 8ssRNA(-) viruses.
this structure causes what?

A

antigenic SHIFT – chance of reassortment of gene segments.
these MUTANT STRAINS cause epidemics and pandemcis

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12
Q

only influenza ____ and ___ are important for human disease.
which is the worst?

A

influenza A and B.
A is the worst

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13
Q

the influenza virus infects….

A

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT EPITHELIUM

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14
Q

explain how the influenza virus makes viral proteins in addition to genome for newly made viruses

A

recap: genome of influenza is 8 ssRNA(-).

makes PROTEIN—–
-RNA dependent RNA polymerase reads the (-) strand and converts it to a MESSAGE: ssRNA(+)
this mRNA is then translated into protein

makes GENOME—-
-RNA dependent RNA polymerase copies the (-) strand into a (+) strand (message.)
this serves as a TEMPLATE for generating more copies of (-) ssRNA

-the (+)ssRNA is then translated BACK to ssRNA(-) by RNA dependant RNA polymerase for the packaging of new virus
–this happens in the NUCLEUS. assembly and release at the PLASMA MEMBRANE

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15
Q

RNA dependent RNA polymerase is a VIRAL RNA polymerase associated with….

A

the nucleocapsid of the virus

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16
Q

name the influenza proteins that are associated with the RNA genome

A

PB2, PB1, PA —-> complex of 3 subunits to form RNA dependent RNA polymerase

NP – nucleocaspid protein

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17
Q

name influenza proteins that are produced in the host cell

A

HA
NA
M2
M1
NS1
NS2

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18
Q

HA is..

A

hemagglutinin – an attachment and fusion protein

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19
Q

NA is….

A

neuraminidase — aids in viral spreading. cleaves sialic acid in the mucus

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20
Q

M2 and M1 are…

A

proteins produced by influenza while in the host cell

M2 = membrane protein – a channel. facilitates the uncoating of viruses

M1 – matrix protein. a structural protein

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21
Q

NS1 and NS2 are…

A

proteins made by the influenza virus while in the host cell

NS1 – opposes the action of IFN (antagonist)
NS2 – nuclear export protein

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22
Q

differentiate between the host ranges of influenza A, B, and C

A

A – infects the most. humans swine, avians, mammals, bats, etc

B – humans and seals

C – humans, swines

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23
Q

differentiate between antigenic drift/shift capabilities of influenza A,B, and C

A

A — drift and shift

B – antigenic drift only

C – antigenic drift only

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24
Q

explain the envelope of the flu virus

A

pleomorphic envelope – varies in size and shape

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25
Q

paramyxoviruses cause which disease(s)?

A

measles, mumps, and RSV

26
Q

explain the envelope, nucleocapsid, and genome of paramyxoviruses

A

envelope – pleomorphic with SPECIFIC attachment proteins

nucleocapsid – helical

genome – large, single strand ssRNA(-) viruses. LINEAR genome

27
Q

paramyxoviruses invade cells through which mechanism?

A

membrane fusion

28
Q

paramyxoviruses are released from host cells via..

A

budding

29
Q

paramyxoviruses induce ___ formation

A

syncytia

30
Q

how are paramyxoviruses transmitted?
where do they establish primary infection

A

by aerosols

primary infection site = respiratory tract

31
Q

what are the 3 major genera of paramyxoviruses?

A

morbillivirus – measles (single serotype)

paramyxovirus – mumps (single serotype) and parainfluenza viruses 1-4

pneumovirus – RSV (respiratory synctial virus)
and metapneumovirus

32
Q

paramyxoviruses have the same replication scheme as…

A

influenza
except replication and transcription does NOT occur in the nucleus – occurs in cytosol

when the newly made viruses bud off, they come together — syncytial formation

33
Q

explain the pathway of measles

A

local replication in the respiratory tract – lymphatic spread – causes viremia.

then spreads rapidly to many places – urinary tract, CNS, lymphatic system, conjunctiva, respiratory tract, small blood vessels

the virus infected endothelial cells AND T immune cells produce a rash.

recovery yields LIFELONG IMMUNITY

34
Q

what are 3 rare outcomes of measles

A

-postinfectious encephalitis (brain inflammation)

-no resolution of acute infection due to defected cell mediated immunity (CMI)

-SSPE (subacute sclerosing panencephalitis)

35
Q

does the mumps virus produce a rash?

A

NO

36
Q

explain the pathway of the mumps virus

A

local replication in the respiratory tract –> viremia (in bloodstream). causes a systemic infection
—goes to PANCREAS – can be associated with onset of juvenile diabetes
—-goes to PAROTID GLAND – virus multiples. causes swelling
-testes, ovaries, peripheral nerves, CNS, eye, innter ear

37
Q

explain the properties of the envelope, capsid, and genome of adenoviruses

A

envelope – NO ENVELOPE
capsid – icosadeltahedral capsid
genome – linear dsDNA virus

38
Q

how many serotypes of the adenovirus are there? which are the most common?

A

52 serotypes
1-7 are most common

39
Q

explain the properties of the adenovirus in both permissive and non permissive cells

A

in permissive cells, the adneovirus is LYTIC

in non-permissive cells, the adenovirus is latent/persistant

40
Q

where is the adenovirus REPLICATED and ASEEMBLED

A

in the nucleus

41
Q

is the adenovirus transformative?

A

only in NON HUMAN CELLS

42
Q

studying ______ virus is a useful tool in discovering gene replacement, anti-viral therapy, and cancer therapy

A

adenovirus

43
Q

explain the replication scheme of the adenovirus

A

makes protein:
dsDNA virus is converted to (+) mRNA through DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the host. this (+)mRNA is then translated into viral protein

makes genome:
-dsDNA in the genome is replicated into more dsDNA via a VIRAL DNA POLYMERASE called DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.

44
Q

what is the name of the transactivator that increases the rate of gene exoression in adenoviruses

A

IE-E1A transactivator

early – increases proteins and replication

late – capsid genes

45
Q

explain the VAPs of adenoviruses

A

the VAPs of adenoviruses are vibers at the vertices of the capsid. act as a HEMAGGLUTIN – bind to receptors on red blood cells to initiate viral attachment and infection. the VAPS are toxic to our cells, as well as the pentose base

46
Q

on the adenovirus, attachment occurs via….

A

an immunoglobulin superfamily glycoprotein – coxsackie adenovirus complex (receptor)

47
Q

which virus can bind MHC class 1?

A

adenovirus

48
Q

what are the nucleocapsid associated proteins of paramyxoviruses?

A

NP(nucleoprotein) – binds and protects viral RNA

P (polymerase phosphoprotein) – facilitates RNA replication

L (RNA polymerase)

49
Q

name the viral attachment proteins (VAPS) produced by paramyxoviruses IN THE HOST CELL

A

F protein
HN
H
G
M

50
Q

What is F protein?

A

a viral attachment protein produced by paramyxoviruses in the host cell.

is is a membrane protein that promotes fusion and viral entry

51
Q

paramyxovirus (singular) includes…

A

parainfluenza virus and the mumps

52
Q

what is H? what virus possesses it?

A

a viral attachment protein that binds surface receptors.
present in morbilivirus (MEASLES)
hemagglutin

adenovirus has a protein that acts like this

53
Q

is G a hemmagglutinin?

explain what it is

A

G is glycoprotein and it NOT a hemaglutinin

present in pneumovirus (RSV)

for attachment

54
Q

what is M protein?

A

matrix protein – involved in assembly of virions

produced by paramyxoviruses

55
Q

adenoviruses are internalized (brought into host cell) through what mechanism?

A

receptor mediated endocytosis

cant be membrane fusion – adenovirus has no envelope

56
Q

how do adenoviruses get into the nucleus once they enter the host cell?

A

they lyse the vesicles they’re in and enter the nucleus (most likely through a pore)

57
Q

name the adenovirus gene products (proteins)

A

E1A and E1B – INHIBIT P53 AND P105RB
E2 – viral DNA polymerase
E3 – immunosuppressant (blocks apoptosis and decreases MHC class I expression)
E4 – prevents apoptosis
VA RNAs (viral associated RNAs) – inhibit interferon repsonse
L1-L5 – structural/capside proteins

58
Q

how is the adenovirus transmitted and spread?

A

transmission: inhalation, close contact, oral/fecal, fomites (objects that carry infection), poorly chlorinated pools

spread by VIREMIA (in the blood)

59
Q

what is a definitive characterisitc (hallmark) of infection with adenovirus?

A

inclusion bodies (aggregate viral particles) without the cell being enlarged

60
Q

name some clinical diseases that could be associated with the adenovirus

A

conjunctivitis (PINK EYE)
gastroenteritis
ARDS
laryngitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia
acute pharyngitis, pharyngoconjunctival fever

61
Q
A

infectious disease midterm (9 decks)

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