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infectious disease midterm > lecture 1 part 1 > Flashcards

lecture 1 part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

do all pathogenic microbes kill the host cell?

A

NO — some hang out in the cell and secrete viruses in the quiescent state. others do kill the cell

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2
Q

since the invention of ____, scientists have studied microorganisms

A

microscopic lenses (1600s)

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3
Q

the turn of the ____ century bright about the advent of antibiotics (antibacterial agents)

A

20th century

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4
Q

why did it take much longer to develop antivirals over antibiotics?

A

viruses infect human cells. we had to find a way to target virally infected cells ONLY and not every human cell

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5
Q

in the early days of the 21st century, microbiology has entered the ____ age (___&____)

A

GENETIC
(genomics and proteomics)

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6
Q

____ outbreak stimulated the development of antivirals

A

AIDS

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7
Q

is AIDS fatal nowadays?

A

NO — it’s a chronic disease. therefore, it’s a big money maker. HIV drugs will continue being produced

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8
Q

which are larger — viruses or bacteria?

A

bacteria

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9
Q

rank the classes of microorganisms based on size

A

smallest: viruses (0.03-0.3 micrometers)

bacteria (0.1-10 micrometers)

protozoa and fungi: 4-10 micrometers

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10
Q

can viruses be seen with a light microscope? what about electron?

A

some viruses can be seen with a light microscope. viruses can be seen with an electron microscope

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11
Q

what are the 2 types of viruses

A

naked virus and enveloped virus

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12
Q

are viruses cells?

A

NO

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13
Q

explain the structure of a NAKED virus

A

a nucleic acid enclosed in a protein coat CAPSID

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14
Q

explain the structure of an ENVELOPED virus

A

like a naked virus, it is a nucleic acid surrounded by a CAPSID (protein coat). however, an enveloped virus also has an ENVELOPE (phospholipid membrane derived from host) with VIRAL SPIKE PROTEINS stuffed around the envelope

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15
Q

the more faces on a geometric shape, the more ___ it is

A

circular

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16
Q

do prokaryotes have a nucleus?

A

no distinct nucleus. have a single circular chromosome with no membrane. called a NUCLEOID

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17
Q

do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have extra chromosomal DNA?

A

prokaryotes have extrachromosomal DNA in the form of PLASMIDS in the cytoplasm

eukaryotes have extrachromosomal DNA in organelles

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18
Q

do prokaryotes have organelles suspended in the cytoplasm?

A

no-none

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19
Q

differentiate between the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes — more complex. contains the enzymes for replication, and the site of phospholipid and DNA synthesis

eukaryotes- semipermeable layer. doesn’t possess the functions of prokaryotic membrane

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20
Q

differentiate between the cells walls or prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes have a rigid layer or peptidoglycan.

eukaryotic cells do not

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21
Q

are sterols found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

usually present in eukaryotes, absent in prokaryotes

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22
Q

differentiate between the ribosomes of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes —- 70s in cytoplasm

eukaryotes — 80s in cytoplasmic reticulum

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23
Q

what is the function of sterols in the cell

A

gives rigidity

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24
Q

are bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes ?

A

prokaryotes

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25
Q

all respiratory work and DNA replication is done where in bacteria?

A

the plasma membrane

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26
Q

describe the structure of a bacterium

A

outer to inner: capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane

capsule has fimbriae.

inside cytoplasm = ribosomes (70s), nucleoid, inclusion bodies, and chromosomes (DNA)

has flagellum for movement

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27
Q

a fungal cell is also known as a ___ cell

A

yeast

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28
Q

is a fungal cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

eukaryotic

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29
Q

true or false—

yeast cells and protozoan cells are unicellular, eukaryotic organisms

A

true

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30
Q

true or false

yeast cells and protozoan cells lack a proper nucleus and nucleolus

A

FALSE

they are eukaryotic. they have a defined nucleus and nucleolus

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31
Q

is food poisoning as a source of infection an example of direct or indirect

A

indirect

32
Q

is breathing in someone else’s cough as a source of infection an example of direct or indirect contact

A

direct

33
Q

getting bit by a mosquito as a source of infection

is this direct or indirect contact

A

indirect

34
Q

what is HORIZONTAL vs VERTICAL transmission?

A

vertical - from mother to offspring

horizontal — individuals of same generation

35
Q

name 5 classes of microorganisms

A

micro biome (normal flora)

commensal (resident, symbiotic, core microbiome)

transient colonization (transients, secondary microbiome)

opportunistic

pathogenic

36
Q

name 3 benefits of commensal microorganisms

A

process digested food
provide essential vitamins/growth factors
protect against invasion of pathogens

37
Q

true or false

the commensal population remains constant throughout life

A

FALSE

in a constant state of flux depending on age, diet, health

change in response to illness or treatment with antibiotics

38
Q

what is the term for an imbalance in the gut microbial community due to disease ?

A

dysbiosis

39
Q

define virulence

A

virulence are circumstances that allow a microorganism to achieve infection and cause disease with varying degrees of severity

40
Q

true or false

both bacteria and viruses can be virulent

A

true (don’t be deceived by the word)

41
Q

name 5 factors that affect VIRULENCE (severity of the disease)

A

-gaining access to the body

-avoiding multiple host defenses

-colonization of the host

-parasiting (hijacking) host resources

-inducing toxicity and damage

42
Q

name 6 influences on our microbiome

A

-host physiology
-environment
-immune system
-host genotype
-lifestyle
-pathobiology

43
Q

you listed host physiology as an influence on the microbiome.

explain what this means

A

the host’s
age
gender
site

44
Q

you listed immune system as an influence on the microbiome

explain

A

previous exposure
inflammation

45
Q

explain how lifestyle is an influence on the microbiome

A

occupation
hygiene

46
Q

explain how the host genotype is an influence on the microbiome

A

susceptibility genes such as lack of filaggrin

filaggrin keeps the skin moist. without, it is very dry and more subject to infection

47
Q

explain how pathobiology is an influence on the microbiome

A

underlying conditions such as diabetes

48
Q

what was the human microbiome project?

A

an effort to sample and analyze the genome of microbes from five sites on the human body:

-skin
-nose
-oral cavity
-GI tract
-urogenital tract

49
Q

true or false

we do not have microbiota in the blood and tissues

A

true

50
Q

do bacteria have to enter the host cell to do damage?

A

NO.

some bacteria bind to receptors and inject cytokines that either damage the cell or kill it

51
Q

can bacteria get into the bloodstream?

A

yes

52
Q

do all viruses kill the cells they infect?

A

no. they can cohabitate and release more and more viruses and get more virally infected cells

53
Q

are all viruses completely dependent on the host cell?

A

no

host proteins + they need to bring in their own proteins

but they do all some components of the host machinery

54
Q

are ALL viruses intracellular pathogens?

A

yes

55
Q

ALL viruses are __ __ based

A

nucleic acid

56
Q

all viruses replicate by…

A

assembly of components

57
Q

all viruses are composed of what 3 things?

A

the viral genome

a protective coat

associated enzymes and proteins

58
Q

do all viruses contain structural proteins?

do all viruses contain enzymes and nucleic acid building proteins?

A

yes — all contain structural proteins

not all have enzymes and nucleic acid-building proteins

59
Q

differentiate between a naked virus and an enveloped virus

A

naked virus = DNA or RNA, structural proteins, (only in some cases, enzymes and nucleic acid building proteins) to form a CAPSID

an enveloped virus is the CAPSID but surrounded by glycoproteins (spikes that are vitally encoded proteins) and an envelope that is usually derived from the host’s membrane

60
Q

true or false

DNA and RNA viruses are vastly different in size

A

FALSE — they are comparable

61
Q

give the size of bacteria relative to an organelle

A

bacteria are around half the size of a mitochondria

62
Q

explain how the nucleic acid of a virus can be very variable

A

can be:

DNA or RNA
single or double stranded
linear or circular
continuous or segmented genome

63
Q

explain how the outer layer of a virus can be very variable

A

capsid can take on many shapes
envelope
VAPs (viral atttachment proteins; spike proteins)

64
Q

the ___ surrounds the ____

A

the ENVELOPE surrounds the CAPSID

65
Q

name 5 shapes of a capsid

A

spherical
icosahedral
filamentous
brick shape
bullet shape

66
Q

explain the structure of an icosahedral virus

A

12 sided
has vertices (endpoints) where spike proteins attach

67
Q

name the 4 types of RNA viruses

A

+RNA
-RNA
+/- RNA (double stranded)

+RNA via DNA (RETROVIRUS)

68
Q

is +RNA naked or enveloped?

A

can be either

69
Q

is -RNA naked or enveloped?

A

enveloped ONLY

70
Q

explain the structure of +/- RNA viruses

A

double capsid (double protein coat)

71
Q

are retroviruses enveloped or naked?

A

enveloped ONLY

72
Q

explain how retroviruses replicate

A

single strand RNA replicates via a DNA intermediate

73
Q

what is the Reovirus?

A

+/- RNA has 10 ds (double strand) linear segments

double capsid

74
Q

for the most part, viruses are (single stranded or double stranded?) (linear or circular?)

A

single strand linear

75
Q

retroviruses are also known as…

A

RNA tumor viruses

infectious disease midterm (9 decks)

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