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Clinical diagnostics in Production Animals > Lecture 4 - Musculoskeletal, NS & calves > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Musculoskeletal, NS & calves Flashcards

1
Q

normal calf HR

A

80-120 bpm

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2
Q

normal calf RR

A

24- 36 breaths per min

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3
Q

normal calf temp.

A

38,5-39,0 ‘C

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4
Q

A calf needs how many g of antibodies at first feeding?

A

120 g of Ab

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5
Q

colostrum should be what temp when feeding

A

37’c +/- 2 ‘c

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6
Q

the volume of the abomasum is what % of a calf’s body weight

A

5%

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7
Q

what specific gravity should colostrum ideally be?

A

1050- 1065, the higher the SG the betetr

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8
Q

What is a Brix measurement?

A

It indicates the number of dissolved solids in a liquid measured via its specific gravity (SG).

So its another scale for specific gravity.

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9
Q

what do purple gums indicate in calves?

A

septicemia

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10
Q

rumen sounds can begin to be heard in calves from what age?

A

3-6 weeks

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11
Q

Left displaced abomasum possible also in
calves! What might it sound like?

A

– Tinkling sounds (auscultation)
– Ping sounds (percussion)

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12
Q

what structures does the umbilicus contain

A

1 vein
2 arteries
1 urachus

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13
Q

describe an umbilical infection in clinical exam

A

Umbilical diameter over 1 cm,
hard on palpation,
painful and swollen (discharge)

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14
Q

Atresia ani =

A

there is no anus, no feces, distension of the abdomen

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15
Q

Atresia coli =

A

part of the intestines is missing, may have some mucous in the rectum, distension of the abdomen

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16
Q

4 common illnesses common to calves

A

diarrhea
resp. infection
umbilical infection
joint infections

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17
Q

dairy cattle are trimmed routinely every

A

4-6 months

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18
Q

physitis =

A

inflammation of a physis, which is a growth plate.

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19
Q

What musculoskeletal issue can commonly be seen in neonatal calves?

A

contracted flexor tendons

due to genetics, nutriotion, in utero position

treatment: stretching/splints

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20
Q

explain decubital lesions

A

decubital = a position of lying down/ recumbent

so lesions on bony prominances from lying down

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21
Q

explain Spastic paresis/syndrome

A

– Uni/bilateral spastic
contracture of the
gastrognemius muscle
(calves, genetic)

– Attempts to move are
believed to simultaneously
trigger contractions of
both extensors and flexors
of the limb.

The hock is forcibly extended so that
the angle is 180°.

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22
Q

cranial nerves I & II

A

olfactory and optic

23
Q

name cranial nerve III and what 2 clinical signs are associated?

A

oculomotor

pupil dialtion
ventrolateral strabismus

24
Q

name cranial nerve IV and what clinical sign is associated?

A

trochlear

dorsolateral strabismus

25
Q

name cranial nerve V and what motor clinical sign is associated?

A

trigeminal motor nerve

Loss of motor function to the muscles of facial expression

26
Q

name cranial nerve V and what sensory clinical sign is associated?

A

trigeminal sensory nerve

Loss of facial sensitivity

27
Q

name cranial nerve VI and what clinical signs are associated?

A

abducent

Medial strabismus
and inability to withdraw the eyeball deeper into the orbit

28
Q

name cranial nerve VII and what clinical signs are associated?

A

facial

Loss of motor function to the muscles of facial expression

29
Q

name cranial nerve VIII and what clinical signs are associated?

A

Vestibulo-cochlear

Nystagmus and head tilt

30
Q

name cranial nerve IX and what clinical signs are associated?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Pharyngeal paralysis,
inability to swallow, regurgitation

31
Q

name cranial nerve X and what clinical signs are associated?

A

vagal

No cough reflex, wheezes in the larynx, chewing disorders, tympany, GI organ dysfunctions

32
Q

name cranial nerve XI and what clinical signs are associated?

A

accessory

Neck and shoulder muscle paralysis
and atrophy

33
Q

name cranial nerve XII and what clinical signs are associated?

A

hypoglossal

Tongue paralysis, tongue atrophy

34
Q

define strabismus

A

is a condition in which both eyes do not look at the same place at the same time.

laxy eye/crossed eyes/divergent

35
Q

what is vestibular eye drop

A

In vestibular dysfunction, the eyeball on the affected side rotates downward (positional strabismus or eye drop).

36
Q

what is eye fixation

A

Fixation is the ability to aim the eyes to a particular spot accurately.

37
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in the menace reflex?

A

Cranial Nerve II optic, Cortex, Cerebellum, Cranial Nerve VII facial

  • The menace gesture must be performed 30 to 50 cm away from the animal’s head
    – Normally animal will blink
    – Should be present by the end of the first week of life in farm animals
38
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

Cranial Nerve II optic, Cranial Nerve III oculomotor

– A strong light source
– In the normal bovine, the pupils should constrict down to 3 to 5 mm

39
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in the palpebral reflex?

A

Cranial Nerve V trigeminal, Cranial Nerve VII facial

– When the periocular skin is touched (medial/lateral canthus) the normal animal will close the eyelids

40
Q

which cranial nerves are involved in the conreal blink reflex?

A

Cranial Nerve V, trigeminal Cranial Nerve VII facial

– also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body)

41
Q

what is nervous ketosis

A

Nervous ketosis is an exaggerated form of metabolic. ketosis where neurological signs may be caused by: hypoglycaemia, toxic acetoacetic acid levels or from. the production of isopropyl alcohol from acetoacetic acid break down in the rumen.

42
Q

what deficiency can lead to cerebral lesions

A

hypomagnesemia

43
Q

what is a cuase of cerebellar hypoplasia in calves?

A

in utero bovine viral diarrhea virus

44
Q

what is Polioencephalomalacia

A

also referred to as cerebrocortical necrosis, is a neurological disease seen in ruminants that is caused by multiple factors, one of which is thiamine/B1 deficiency in the body.

45
Q

define opisthotonus

A

a dramatic abnormal posture due to spastic contraction of the extensor muscles of the neck, trunk, and lower extremities that produces a severe backward arching from neck to heel

46
Q

what clinical sign can both Meningitis &
Polioencephalomalacia cause?

A

„star gazing“ (opisthotonus)

47
Q

Spinal cord lesions can be localized by (3)

A

by reflexes,
postural reactions
and proprioception

48
Q

Name the Spinal reflexes: (1-6)

A
  1. Extensor Reflex of the Front Limb
  2. The Patellar Reflex
  3. The Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflexes
  4. The Muscle Tone
  5. The Perineal Reflex
  6. The Cutaneous Trunci Reflex
49
Q

Sciatic nerve forms which nerves

A

Forms the peroneal and tibial nerves

50
Q

name what nerve could be damaged

A

obturator nerve paralysis

  • ”calving paralysis”, at calving compression neuropathy of the nerve roots L5, L6
51
Q

A HR >100 in an adult downer cow =

A

pain

52
Q

Primary causes of a downer cow being down

A

hypocalcemia/milk fever
dystocia injuries (like the n. obturatorius paralysis)

Toxemia caused by peracute mastitis / metritis
Fractured bone/bones

Dislocated joint
Peritonitis (ruptured uterus, traumatic reticulitis)

53
Q

the head is raised when the affected limb is bearing weight describes?

A

foreleg lameness

54
Q

the pelvis is raised when the affected limb is weight bearing, but pelvic symmetry is maintained describes?

A

hingleg lameness

Clinical diagnostics in Production Animals (6 decks)

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