Lecture 4 - Musculoskeletal, NS & calves Flashcards
normal calf HR
80-120 bpm
normal calf RR
24- 36 breaths per min
normal calf temp.
38,5-39,0 ‘C
A calf needs how many g of antibodies at first feeding?
120 g of Ab
colostrum should be what temp when feeding
37’c +/- 2 ‘c
the volume of the abomasum is what % of a calf’s body weight
5%
what specific gravity should colostrum ideally be?
1050- 1065, the higher the SG the betetr
What is a Brix measurement?
It indicates the number of dissolved solids in a liquid measured via its specific gravity (SG).
So its another scale for specific gravity.
what do purple gums indicate in calves?
septicemia
rumen sounds can begin to be heard in calves from what age?
3-6 weeks
Left displaced abomasum possible also in
calves! What might it sound like?
– Tinkling sounds (auscultation)
– Ping sounds (percussion)
what structures does the umbilicus contain
1 vein
2 arteries
1 urachus
describe an umbilical infection in clinical exam
Umbilical diameter over 1 cm,
hard on palpation,
painful and swollen (discharge)
Atresia ani =
there is no anus, no feces, distension of the abdomen
Atresia coli =
part of the intestines is missing, may have some mucous in the rectum, distension of the abdomen
4 common illnesses common to calves
diarrhea
resp. infection
umbilical infection
joint infections
dairy cattle are trimmed routinely every
4-6 months
physitis =
inflammation of a physis, which is a growth plate.
What musculoskeletal issue can commonly be seen in neonatal calves?
contracted flexor tendons
due to genetics, nutriotion, in utero position
treatment: stretching/splints
explain decubital lesions
decubital = a position of lying down/ recumbent
so lesions on bony prominances from lying down
explain Spastic paresis/syndrome
– Uni/bilateral spastic
contracture of the
gastrognemius muscle
(calves, genetic)
– Attempts to move are
believed to simultaneously
trigger contractions of
both extensors and flexors
of the limb.
The hock is forcibly extended so that
the angle is 180°.
cranial nerves I & II
olfactory and optic
name cranial nerve III and what 2 clinical signs are associated?
oculomotor
pupil dialtion
ventrolateral strabismus
name cranial nerve IV and what clinical sign is associated?
trochlear
dorsolateral strabismus
name cranial nerve V and what motor clinical sign is associated?
trigeminal motor nerve
Loss of motor function to the muscles of facial expression
name cranial nerve V and what sensory clinical sign is associated?
trigeminal sensory nerve
Loss of facial sensitivity
name cranial nerve VI and what clinical signs are associated?
abducent
Medial strabismus
and inability to withdraw the eyeball deeper into the orbit
name cranial nerve VII and what clinical signs are associated?
facial
Loss of motor function to the muscles of facial expression
name cranial nerve VIII and what clinical signs are associated?
Vestibulo-cochlear
Nystagmus and head tilt
name cranial nerve IX and what clinical signs are associated?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Pharyngeal paralysis,
inability to swallow, regurgitation
name cranial nerve X and what clinical signs are associated?
vagal
No cough reflex, wheezes in the larynx, chewing disorders, tympany, GI organ dysfunctions
name cranial nerve XI and what clinical signs are associated?
accessory
Neck and shoulder muscle paralysis
and atrophy
name cranial nerve XII and what clinical signs are associated?
hypoglossal
Tongue paralysis, tongue atrophy
define strabismus
is a condition in which both eyes do not look at the same place at the same time.
laxy eye/crossed eyes/divergent
what is vestibular eye drop
In vestibular dysfunction, the eyeball on the affected side rotates downward (positional strabismus or eye drop).
what is eye fixation
Fixation is the ability to aim the eyes to a particular spot accurately.
which cranial nerves are involved in the menace reflex?
Cranial Nerve II optic, Cortex, Cerebellum, Cranial Nerve VII facial
- The menace gesture must be performed 30 to 50 cm away from the animal’s head
– Normally animal will blink
– Should be present by the end of the first week of life in farm animals
which cranial nerves are involved in the pupillary light reflex?
Cranial Nerve II optic, Cranial Nerve III oculomotor
– A strong light source
– In the normal bovine, the pupils should constrict down to 3 to 5 mm
which cranial nerves are involved in the palpebral reflex?
Cranial Nerve V trigeminal, Cranial Nerve VII facial
– When the periocular skin is touched (medial/lateral canthus) the normal animal will close the eyelids
which cranial nerves are involved in the conreal blink reflex?
Cranial Nerve V, trigeminal Cranial Nerve VII facial
– also known as the blink reflex, is an involuntary blinking of the eyelids elicited by stimulation of the cornea (such as by touching or by a foreign body)
what is nervous ketosis
Nervous ketosis is an exaggerated form of metabolic. ketosis where neurological signs may be caused by: hypoglycaemia, toxic acetoacetic acid levels or from. the production of isopropyl alcohol from acetoacetic acid break down in the rumen.
what deficiency can lead to cerebral lesions
hypomagnesemia
what is a cuase of cerebellar hypoplasia in calves?
in utero bovine viral diarrhea virus
what is Polioencephalomalacia
also referred to as cerebrocortical necrosis, is a neurological disease seen in ruminants that is caused by multiple factors, one of which is thiamine/B1 deficiency in the body.
define opisthotonus
a dramatic abnormal posture due to spastic contraction of the extensor muscles of the neck, trunk, and lower extremities that produces a severe backward arching from neck to heel
what clinical sign can both Meningitis &
Polioencephalomalacia cause?
„star gazing“ (opisthotonus)
Spinal cord lesions can be localized by (3)
by reflexes,
postural reactions
and proprioception
Name the Spinal reflexes: (1-6)
- Extensor Reflex of the Front Limb
- The Patellar Reflex
- The Withdrawal (Flexor) Reflexes
- The Muscle Tone
- The Perineal Reflex
- The Cutaneous Trunci Reflex
Sciatic nerve forms which nerves
Forms the peroneal and tibial nerves
name what nerve could be damaged
obturator nerve paralysis
- ”calving paralysis”, at calving compression neuropathy of the nerve roots L5, L6
A HR >100 in an adult downer cow =
pain
Primary causes of a downer cow being down
hypocalcemia/milk fever
dystocia injuries (like the n. obturatorius paralysis)
Toxemia caused by peracute mastitis / metritis
Fractured bone/bones
Dislocated joint
Peritonitis (ruptured uterus, traumatic reticulitis)
the head is raised when the affected limb is bearing weight describes?
foreleg lameness
the pelvis is raised when the affected limb is weight bearing, but pelvic symmetry is maintained describes?
hingleg lameness
