Lecture 1 - Lymphatic system examination Flashcards
Anamnesis =
Complete history of an animal
* immediate and past history
Signalment =
Complete description of an animal
* Age, sex, species, breed, intended use, diet,
management etc.
ddx =
differential diagnosis
At least three ddx!
Mycoplasma bovis is
a bacterial disease
is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. Despite its non-zoonotic character, M. bovis infections are responsible for substantial economic health and welfare problems worldwide.
What is the fixation reflex of the eye?
concerned with attracting the eye on a peripheral object.
For example, when a light shines in the periphery, the eyes shift gaze on it.
What is the corneal reflex?
The reflex activates when a sensory stimulus contacts either free nerve endings or mechanoreceptors within the epithelium of the cornea.
A blink reflex
What is the menace reflex?
the reflexive blinking that occurs specifically in response to the rapid approach of an object.
What is the light reflex?
The pupillary light reflex is an autonomic reflex that constricts the pupil in response to light
Chemosis =
oedema of the conjunctiva (inflammation, trauma)
Blepharospasm =
(tight closure of both eyelids)
if there is an eye problem it makes assessment of the eyes harder
What is caudal vena cava thrombosis?
Caudal vena caval thrombosis (CVCT) in cattle is most commonly caused by liver abscesses that erode into the caudal vena cava (CVC) resulting in a thrombus; however, other diseases with inflammatory foci can also result in a caval thrombus.
The most common cause of vena caval thrombosis is ruminal acidosis leading to rumenitis and subsequent liver abscessation, which may result in a thrombus in the caudal vena cava if the vessel wall is infiltrated by the abscess.
epistaxis
What is “woody tongue” in cattle?
Actinobacillosis.
Wooden tongue is caused by infection with the bacterium Actinobacillus lignieresii.
A lignieresii causes tumorous abscesses of the tongue, usually referred to as wooden tongue.
number of deciduous teeth in cattle?
number of permanent teeth in adult cattle?
20 deciduous
32 permanent
The clinicians hands must never be inserted
into the bovine mouth beyond
the diasthema /
without mouth opener 🡪 high risk of injury !
What is stertor and stridor?
‘Stertor’ is noisy breathing which occurs above the larynx.
‘Stridor’ is noisy breathing that occurs at the level of the larynx or below.
Macule
– Flattened area of colour change less than 1cm in
diameter, no skin thickening
Papule
– circumscribed area, mostly rounded and often raised with a necrotic centre, diameter <1cm
Nodule
– A papule >1cm
Plaque, skin lesion
– Solid, raised, flat topped mass >1cm
Vesicle, Pustule difference
Vesicle
– Fluid filled blister <1cm
* Pustule
– Pus filled vesicle
difference between Erosion & ulcer
Erosion
– Loss of superficial epidermal layers with intact inner layers
Ulcer
– Deep erosion penetrating the epidermal basement membrane
Keratosis
– Overgrowth of dry horny keratinised epithelium
3 types of Mites to bother cattle
Chorioptes, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes
– Tail area the most commonnly affected but head and neck too.
– Crusty skin lesions, thickening of the skin
– Not seen with bare eye, scrape-sample
what is ”Lumpy jaw” in cattle?
caused by Actinomyces bovis, ”Lumpy jaw” actinomycosis = osteomyelitis on the mandible
The causative organism (Actinomyces bovis) of Lumpy jaw enters the soft tissue of the mouth through open wounds. These wounds can be created by foreign bodies (sticks, wire), plant awns, foxtail awns, or rough coarse feeds.
What is Trichophyton verrucosum
one of the causative agents of ring worm
ringworm in cattle is often grey rather than red like in humans
IBR
infectious bovine rinotracheitis -viral infection.
– Areas of erythema, pustule formation, ulceration
and localised necrosis around the muzzle, nostrils
What disease could be describe by,
– Vesicles, bullae, ulcerated areas on the muzzle,
tongue, coronary bands
– Lameness included!
Foot and mouth disease
is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals
bovine leucosis also known as
Cutaneous lymphosarcoma
– tumour masses are multiple, in the skin of
flanks and neck
– Not in Estonia
What deficiency could cause Coat colour changes (especially around the eyes)
Copper deficiency
Chronic arsenic, selenium, molybdenum
toxicity is associated with
poor skin quality and in some cases changes in hair colour
What is Telogen effluvium?
Telogen effluvium, a non-specific skin lesion seen in calves recovering from severe illnesses (E.coli
septicaemia)
“Telogen effluvium is a scalp disorder characterized by the thinning or shedding of hair resulting from the early entry of hair in the telogen phase (the resting phase of the hair follicle).”
location of Submandibular lymph nodes (lnn. mandibulares)
– Medial aspect of the angle of the jaw
– Normal size 1,5-2cm diameter
location of Parotid lymph nodes (superficial) (lnn. parotidei superficiales)
– Small nodes, subcutaneous below the temperomandibular joint
– Often not palpable, normal size <0,5cm
location of Retropharyngeal lymph nodes (lateral) (lnn. retropharyngei laterales)
– In the midline of the neck, dorsal to the larynx
– Normally not palpable
location of Prescapular lymph nodes (lnn. cervicales superficiales)
– Subcutaneously underneath the cutaneous muscle just anterior to the shoulder joint
– Vary in size, normal size 1cm+3,5cm
location of Inguinal lymph nodes (superficial) (lnn.
inguinales superficiales)
– In males – scrotal ln. (lnn. scrotales)
* Caudally to the spermatic cord
– In females – supramammary ln. (lnn. mammarii)
* Caudo-dorsally on the base of udder
* Two nodes, palpable on the caudal aspect of the udder just above the upper limit of the mammary glandular tissue
location of Precrural lymph nodes (lnn. subiliaci)
– Beneath the cutaneous trunci muscle of the caudal flank just anterior to the stifle joint
– Vary in size, normal size 0,75cmx3cm
palpation of the internal iliac lymph nodes (lnn. iliaci mediales)
– Palpable on rectal examination just anterior to the wing of the ileum on either side
– Normal diameter 3cm
palpation of Axillary lymph nodes (lnn. axillares)
– Normally palpable only in young calves without heavy muscling
– On the medial aspect of the upper limb (where the median artery and the brachial plexus leave the thoracic cavity)
– Normal diameter 1,5cm
palpation of Popliteal lymph nodes (lnn. poplitei)
– Situated immediately behind the stifle, in dense muscle
– Only palpable in young calves, diameter 1-1,5cm
