Lecture 1 - Lymphatic system examination

Question 1

Anamnesis =

Answer 1

Complete history of an animal
* immediate and past history

Question 2

Signalment =

Answer 2

Complete description of an animal
* Age, sex, species, breed, intended use, diet,
management etc.

Question 3

ddx =

Answer 3

differential diagnosis

At least three ddx!

Question 4

Mycoplasma bovis is

Answer 4

a bacterial disease

is a cause of bronchopneumonia, mastitis and arthritis but may also affect other main organs in cattle such us the eye, ear or brain. Despite its non-zoonotic character, M. bovis infections are responsible for substantial economic health and welfare problems worldwide.

Question 5

What is the fixation reflex of the eye?

Answer 5

concerned with attracting the eye on a peripheral object.

For example, when a light shines in the periphery, the eyes shift gaze on it.

Question 6

What is the corneal reflex?

Answer 6

The reflex activates when a sensory stimulus contacts either free nerve endings or mechanoreceptors within the epithelium of the cornea.

A blink reflex

Question 7

What is the menace reflex?

Answer 7

the reflexive blinking that occurs specifically in response to the rapid approach of an object.

Question 8

What is the light reflex?

Answer 8

The pupillary light reflex is an autonomic reflex that constricts the pupil in response to light

Question 9

Chemosis =

Answer 9

oedema of the conjunctiva (inflammation, trauma)

Question 10

Blepharospasm =

Answer 10

(tight closure of both eyelids)

if there is an eye problem it makes assessment of the eyes harder

Question 11

What is caudal vena cava thrombosis?

Answer 11

Caudal vena caval thrombosis (CVCT) in cattle is most commonly caused by liver abscesses that erode into the caudal vena cava (CVC) resulting in a thrombus; however, other diseases with inflammatory foci can also result in a caval thrombus.

The most common cause of vena caval thrombosis is ruminal acidosis leading to rumenitis and subsequent liver abscessation, which may result in a thrombus in the caudal vena cava if the vessel wall is infiltrated by the abscess.

epistaxis

Question 12

What is “woody tongue” in cattle?

Answer 12

Actinobacillosis.

Wooden tongue is caused by infection with the bacterium Actinobacillus lignieresii.

A lignieresii causes tumorous abscesses of the tongue, usually referred to as wooden tongue.

Question 13

number of deciduous teeth in cattle?

number of permanent teeth in adult cattle?

Answer 13

20 deciduous
32 permanent

Question 14

The clinicians hands must never be inserted
into the bovine mouth beyond

Answer 14

the diasthema /
without mouth opener 🡪 high risk of injury !

Question 15

What is stertor and stridor?

Answer 15

‘Stertor’ is noisy breathing which occurs above the larynx.

‘Stridor’ is noisy breathing that occurs at the level of the larynx or below.

Question 16

Macule

Answer 16

– Flattened area of colour change less than 1cm in
diameter, no skin thickening

Question 17

Papule

Answer 17

– circumscribed area, mostly rounded and often raised with a necrotic centre, diameter <1cm

Question 18

Nodule

Answer 18

– A papule >1cm

Question 19

Plaque, skin lesion

Answer 19

– Solid, raised, flat topped mass >1cm

Question 20

Vesicle, Pustule difference

Answer 20

Vesicle
– Fluid filled blister <1cm
* Pustule
– Pus filled vesicle

Question 21

difference between Erosion & ulcer

Answer 21

Erosion
– Loss of superficial epidermal layers with intact inner layers

Ulcer
– Deep erosion penetrating the epidermal basement membrane

Question 22

Keratosis

Answer 22

– Overgrowth of dry horny keratinised epithelium

Question 23

3 types of Mites to bother cattle

Answer 23

Chorioptes, Sarcoptes, Psoroptes
– Tail area the most commonnly affected but head and neck too.
– Crusty skin lesions, thickening of the skin
– Not seen with bare eye, scrape-sample

Question 24

what is ”Lumpy jaw” in cattle?

Answer 24

caused by Actinomyces bovis, ”Lumpy jaw” actinomycosis = osteomyelitis on the mandible

The causative organism (Actinomyces bovis) of Lumpy jaw enters the soft tissue of the mouth through open wounds. These wounds can be created by foreign bodies (sticks, wire), plant awns, foxtail awns, or rough coarse feeds.

Question 25

What is Trichophyton verrucosum

Answer 25

one of the causative agents of ring worm

ringworm in cattle is often grey rather than red like in humans

Question 26

IBR

Answer 26

infectious bovine rinotracheitis -viral infection.

– Areas of erythema, pustule formation, ulceration
and localised necrosis around the muzzle, nostrils

Question 27

What disease could be describe by,
– Vesicles, bullae, ulcerated areas on the muzzle,
tongue, coronary bands
– Lameness included!

Answer 27

Foot and mouth disease

is an infectious and sometimes fatal viral disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals

Question 28

bovine leucosis also known as

Answer 28

Cutaneous lymphosarcoma
– tumour masses are multiple, in the skin of
flanks and neck
– Not in Estonia

Question 29

What deficiency could cause Coat colour changes (especially around the eyes)

Answer 29

Copper deficiency

Question 30

Chronic arsenic, selenium, molybdenum
toxicity is associated with

Answer 30

poor skin quality and in some cases changes in hair colour

Question 31

What is Telogen effluvium?

Answer 31

Telogen effluvium, a non-specific skin lesion seen in calves recovering from severe illnesses (E.coli
septicaemia)

“Telogen effluvium is a scalp disorder characterized by the thinning or shedding of hair resulting from the early entry of hair in the telogen phase (the resting phase of the hair follicle).”

Question 32

location of Submandibular lymph nodes (lnn. mandibulares)

Answer 32

– Medial aspect of the angle of the jaw
– Normal size 1,5-2cm diameter

Question 33

location of Parotid lymph nodes (superficial) (lnn. parotidei superficiales)

Answer 33

– Small nodes, subcutaneous below the temperomandibular joint
– Often not palpable, normal size <0,5cm

Question 34

location of Retropharyngeal lymph nodes (lateral) (lnn. retropharyngei laterales)

Answer 34

– In the midline of the neck, dorsal to the larynx
– Normally not palpable

Question 35

location of Prescapular lymph nodes (lnn. cervicales superficiales)

Answer 35

– Subcutaneously underneath the cutaneous muscle just anterior to the shoulder joint
– Vary in size, normal size 1cm+3,5cm

Question 36

location of Inguinal lymph nodes (superficial) (lnn.
inguinales superficiales)

Answer 36

– In males – scrotal ln. (lnn. scrotales)
* Caudally to the spermatic cord

– In females – supramammary ln. (lnn. mammarii)
* Caudo-dorsally on the base of udder
* Two nodes, palpable on the caudal aspect of the udder just above the upper limit of the mammary glandular tissue

Question 37

location of Precrural lymph nodes (lnn. subiliaci)

Answer 37

– Beneath the cutaneous trunci muscle of the caudal flank just anterior to the stifle joint
– Vary in size, normal size 0,75cmx3cm

Question 38

palpation of the internal iliac lymph nodes (lnn. iliaci mediales)

Answer 38

– Palpable on rectal examination just anterior to the wing of the ileum on either side
– Normal diameter 3cm

Question 39

palpation of Axillary lymph nodes (lnn. axillares)

Answer 39

– Normally palpable only in young calves without heavy muscling
– On the medial aspect of the upper limb (where the median artery and the brachial plexus leave the thoracic cavity)
– Normal diameter 1,5cm

Question 40

palpation of Popliteal lymph nodes (lnn. poplitei)

Answer 40

– Situated immediately behind the stifle, in dense muscle
– Only palpable in young calves, diameter 1-1,5cm